The Teratogenic Effects of Glyphosate Based Herbicide (GBH) on the Development of Chick Embryos

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the teratogenic effects of GBH by using chick embryo as an animal model. Methods: The equal volume of 0.1 ml of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.3%, and 0.5% w/v glyphosate solution were injected into yolk sacs of fertilized White Leghorn eggs at 21 h of incubation and repeated at the volume of 0.05 ml on the 3rd day of incubation. The embryos were observed for abnormalities on day 3, 6 and 10 of incubation. Results: The results showed that the mortality percentages increased as the concentration of glyphosate increased. Day 3 chick embryos showed retardation of development and several abnormalities, for instance, the irregular shape of the brain vesicles with an opening of anterior neuropore, small eye primordia with the optic cup and lens vesicle retardation, looser of the heart looping with dilated lumen, lesser number of branchial arches, absent of limb bud or tail fold. Day 6 chick embryos showed severe retardation of several organs. Microphthalmia, anophthalmia, ectopia cordis and ectopic viscerae were observed in day 6 chick embryos. On day 10, most embryos died earlier and living embryos showed normal external features but delayed ossifications which were significantly different from the control (P<0.05). Conclusion: Glyphosate was toxic to chick embryos which directly caused mortality and was also a powerful teratogen which caused growth retardation and malformations on day 3 and day 6 and skeletal alteration on day. The effects were predicted to occur in other embryos including humans. Pregnant women should avoid contamination with GBH especially in the first trimester of pregnancy.