The Temperature, Electron, and Pressure Characteristics of Switchbacks: Parker Solar Probe Observations

Abstract

Parker Solar Probe observes unexpectedly prevalent switchbacks, which are rapid magnetic field reversals that last from seconds to hours, in the inner heliosphere, posing new challenges to understanding their nature, origin, and evolution. In this work, we investigate the thermal states, electron pitch-angle distributions, and pressure signatures of both inside and outside the switchbacks, separating a switchback into spike, transition region (TR), and quiet period (QP). Based on our analysis, we find that the proton temperature anisotropies in TRs seem to show an intermediate state between spike and QP plasmas. The proton temperatures are more enhanced in the spike than in the TR and QP, but the alpha temperatures and alpha-to-proton temperature ratios show the opposite trend to the proton temperatures, implying that the preferential heating mechanisms of protons and alphas are competing in different regions of switchbacks. Moreover, our results suggest that the electron-integrated intensities are almost the same across the switchbacks, but the electron pitch-angle distributions are more isotropic inside than outside switchbacks, implying switchbacks are intact structures, but strong scattering of electrons happens inside switchbacks. In addition, the examination of pressures reveals that the total pressures are comparable through an individual switchback, confirming switchbacks are pressure-balanced structures. These characteristics could further our understanding of ion heating, electron scattering, and the structure of switchbacks.