Abstract
AbstractFrederick Carder popularized art glass in America and is remembered as the founder of Steuben Glass. He was a designer and glass technologist whose factory produced colored and highly decorated glass vessels that competed with but were less expensive than those of Tiffany Studios. To understand the differences in technology between the competing products of Carder and Tiffany, opalescent white glass formulations, fumed gold lusters and silver-containing glasses used in trailed decoration were analyzed and compared by electron beam microprobe analysis and scanning-electron microscopy with simultaneous energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Analytical results show standardized processing that includes opalescent compositions in a narrow range of soda-lime-silicate and lead-alkali-silicate glasses, fumed “golden” lusters made from tin and silver, and iridized surface layers formed by multiple heat treatments.
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