Abstract
This study aims to identify proper solutions that can improve the sustainability of cyprinids pond aquaculture in terms of nitrogen releases to the environment. Therefore, two experimental variants, based on polyculture, respectively integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) concept were tested, as follows: PCP – polyculture of common carp (CC) + grass carp (GC) + bighead carp (BC) + silver carp (SC); CP-PP – net divided pond with CC monoculture in CP part and CC+GC+BC+SC polyculture in PP part. In order to determine the nitrogen accumulation at the pond level, samples of water, sediments, fish meat and reed were analyzed. The results indicate that the highest nitrogen compounds concentrations in pond water were registered at CP part of CP-PP pond. However, the nitrogen concentration in pond effluents was significant higher in case of CP-PP pond, compared with PCP pond. The nitrogen compounds concentration of sediments registered the highest values in the ponds outlet area. Also, CP-PP pond recorded higher nitrogen concentration in sediments, compared with PCP pond. The CC registered the highest nitrogen compounds concentration in case of PP pond area, followed by CP pond area and PCP pond. Not significant correlation was found between reed and pond water/ fish meat/ sediments in terms of nitrogen compounds concentration. It can be concluded that the CP-PP pond feeding management, together with the tested technical solution (pond dividing) generated better water conditioning performances.
Highlights
In the last decades, as Kibria and Haque (2018) mentioned, aquaculture production has intensified with a few selected species, causing several negative impacts such as deterioration of water and soil quality of ponds, stress, and poor growth of fish, a low profit margin, and overall environmental degradation
Dissolved oxygen concentration in pond technological water (DO) The concentration in DO of pond technological water had an upwards tendency in all sampling points, except the inlet sampling point PCP1 (Fig. 4), where the difference between the values registered at 06 July and 25 July are not statistically significant (p>0.05)
At the end of the experimental period, the highest values of DO in pond water are recorded in case of PP part of CP-PP pond (PP1=15.41 mg L-1; PP2=16.29 mg L-1), while the lowest values are encountered at PCP pond (PCP1=6.53 mg L-1)
Summary
As Kibria and Haque (2018) mentioned, aquaculture production has intensified with a few selected species, causing several negative impacts such as deterioration of water and soil quality of ponds, stress, and poor growth of fish, a low profit margin, and overall environmental degradation. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has the potential to achieve these objectives by cultivating fed species (e.g., finfish or shrimps fed sustainable commercial diets) with extractive species, which utilize the inorganic (e.g., seaweeds or other aquatic vegetation) and organic (e.g., suspension- and deposit-feeders) excess nutrients from fed aquaculture for their growth (Chopin, 2013). The concept of IMTA is to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability, economic viability, and social acceptability (Barrington et al, 2009). The principle of IMTA is the co-cultivation of fed fish with organic and inorganic extractive species (Chopin, 2011; Chopin et al 2012; Troell et al, 2009). The concept of IMTA is to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability, economic viability, and social acceptability (Barrington et al, 2009; Nesar and Marion, 2016). The aim of this study is to identify proper IMTA technical design and technological solutions that can improve the sustainability of cyprinids pond aquaculture in terms of nitrogen releases to the environment
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