Abstract
Decarbonisation, energy security and expanding energy access are the main driving forces behind the worldwide increasing attention in renewable energy. This paper focuses on the solar photovoltaic (PV) technology because, currently, it has the most attention in the energy sector due to the sharp drop in the solar PV system cost, which was one of the main barriers of PV large-scale deployment. Firstly, this paper extensively reviews the technical challenges, potential technical solutions and the research carried out in integrating high shares of small-scale PV systems into the distribution network of the grid in order to give a clearer picture of the impact since most of the PV systems installations were at small scales and connected into the distribution network. The paper reviews the localised technical challenges, grid stability challenges and technical solutions on integrating large-scale PV systems into the transmission network of the grid. In addition, the current practices for managing the variability of large-scale PV systems by the grid operators are discussed. Finally, this paper concludes by summarising the critical technical aspects facing the integration of the PV system depending on their size into the grid, in which it provides a strong point of reference and a useful framework for the researchers planning to exploit this field further on.
Highlights
Energy from renewable sources is becoming a growing component of the electricity grid around the world, due to its contribution to achieving decarbonisation, energy security and improving the energy access
Systems into the distribution network of the grid, including their technical challenges and the advanced methods to tackle those technical challenges with mentioning related work that has been done in solving the voltage regulation issue
PV systems into the transmission network are different from the challenges associated with integrating high penetration levels of small-scale PV systems into the distribution network
Summary
Energy from renewable sources is becoming a growing component of the electricity grid around the world, due to its contribution to achieving decarbonisation, energy security and improving the energy access. The current paper seeks to illustrate the key technical aspects facing the integration of the large-scale PV systems into the most recently published works that present a more explicit assessment of the impact of integrating large-scale PV systems into grid system are shown in [15,16,17,18]. The intermittency experienced from both wind and solar energies brings the following distinct characteristics of power generation, including partial unpredictability, non-controllable variability and location dependence. Those distinct characteristics of the intermittent renewable energy sources can impact both the operation and security of the grid when integration is considered. This section illustrates these characteristics, because each creates new challenges to the owners of the generation and the grid operators
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