Abstract
Nowadays, biodiesel has become more attractive in the quest for a novel fuel source due to its environmental benefits and the biodegradable properties. Transesterification of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seeds oil is one of methodsacci for producing biodiesel fuel. However, during this process, the impurities are frequently found in the synthesized biodiesel which degrades the quality of biodiesel. Therefore, a proper catalyst is required to obtain the high-quality biodiesel. In this study, a series of aminated polyethersulfone (PES- $$\mathrm{NH}_2$$ ) membranes was prepared as solid support for immobilized Mucor miehei lipase. Glutaraldehyde was used as a cross-linker agent in immobilization process to investigate the effect of spacer toward biodiesel production. Based on elemental analysis, lipase was successfully attached onto PES- $$\mathrm{NH}_2$$ membranes and formed physical interactions. Enzyme loading values of synthesized membrane were higher than that of commercial filtration membrane. LC-MS analysis with C18 as a column showed that butyl palmitate, butyl linoleate, and butyl oleate were produced from transesterification reaction of triglyceride from sunflower oil and butanol. Based on FTIR analysis, the imine group as a covalent bond was successfully obtained during the cross-linking reaction. After reaction with the spacer, the enzyme loading was increased significantly from 177.05 to 911.48 μg/cm $$^2$$ . The alkyl esters produced also showed high values after the cross-linking. According to biodiesel quality tests, the results were matched with the values specified by the ASTM. Biodiesel from sunflower seeds oil was successfully synthesized through a transesterification reaction catalyzed by Mucor miehei lipase immobilized onto the synthesized aminated PES membrane. The addition of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker showed an excellent enzyme loading value and led to significantly increased biodiesel conversion efficiency. This method is good to be developed, since the immobilized enzyme stability could be increased, the separation process was easier, and a high yield with good quality of biodiesel could be obtained.
Highlights
Nowadays, biodiesel has become more attractive in the quest for a novel fuel source due to its environmental benefits and the biodegradable properties
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines derived from vegetable oils or animal fats and composed of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) (Moser 2009)
Lipase is one of the biocatalysts widely used in the synthesis of biodiesel due to several advantages such as allowing for synthesis of specific alkyl esters, having a low toxicity and biodegradable property, and capable of working on mild condition (Nelson et al 1996)
Summary
Biodiesel has become more attractive in the quest for a novel fuel source due to its environmental benefits and the biodegradable properties. Transesterification of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seeds oil is one of methodsacci for producing biodiesel fuel. During this process, the impurities are frequently found in the synthesized biodiesel which degrades the quality of biodiesel. A proper catalyst is required to obtain the high-quality biodiesel. Some attractive properties of biodiesel, such as low toxicity, derivation. A proper catalyst is needed to obtain the high-quality biodiesel. Lipase is one of the biocatalysts widely used in the synthesis of biodiesel due to several advantages such as allowing for synthesis of specific alkyl esters, having a low toxicity and biodegradable property, and capable of working on mild condition (Nelson et al 1996). The design of an efficient lipase immobilized system is still a complicated task. It does depend on the particular lipase type, and the type of reaction system (organic solvent, aqueous condition, or organic-aqueous interface), the condition of process (temperature, pressure, pH), and the time of reaction (Balcao et al 1996)
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