The synthesis and transformation of 4-phosphorylated derivatives of 1,3-azoles

Abstract

The review systematizes the literary data on the methods of the synthesis of 4-phosphorylated 1,3-azoles (oxazoles, thiazoles, selenazoles, imidazoles), as well as their chemical and biological properties. For the synthesis of 4-phosphorylated imidazole derivatives metallic derivatives of imidazole and phosphorus halides, electronically enriched imidazoles and phosphorus halides in pyridine in the presence of triethylamine or a cross-coupling of halogenimidazoles and dialkyl phosphites in the presence of a palladium catalyst are generally used. For the synthesis of 4-phosphorylated 1,3-azoles the acyclic phosphorus-containing reagents have been widely used, in particular 1-phosphorylated derivatives of 2-chloro- and 2,2-dichloroethenylamides, aminomethylphosphonates and their triphenylphosphonium analogs, β-ketopphosphonates, phosphorylated α-halogenocarbonyl compounds. The chemical properties of phosphorylated azoles are represented by phosphorus residue modification reactions, modification of other substituents and the azole ring, as well as reactions involving the disclosure of the azole ring. The latter are the most interesting since they provide an opportunity to conduct recyclization reactions, as well as synthesize an important class of organic compounds – phosphorylated peptidomimetics. Due to the systematic study of derivatives of 1,3-azoles over the last 30 years it has been shown that at least one fragment of the 1,3-azole ring is a part of a wide range of simple and complex natural molecules and synthetic drugs. Synthetic 4-phosphorylated derivatives of 1,3-azoles are characterized by insectoacaricidal, anti-blastic, sugar-lowering, anti-exudative, antihypertensive, neurodegenerative and other types of activity.