The synoptic-scale surface wind climate regimes of the Mediterranean Sea according to the cluster analysis of ERA-40 wind fields

Abstract

In 2008, Burlando et al. proposed a two-stage clustering technique for the classification of mesoscale wind regimes. The first stage of this classification scheme is based on a hierarchical cluster analysis, according to Ward’s minimum variance technique applied to an Euclidean distance, for a first-guess subdivision of the events into groups. In the second stage, a partitional k-means clustering for the optimal reassignment of the events among clusters is performed. Following this methodology, in the present paper, the synoptic-scale wind fields over the Mediterranean Sea have been analysed in order to check the suitability of this technique to a higher-dimensional phase space. The study is based on a 30-year-long data set of wind speed and direction at 10 m above sea level obtained from the reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The cluster analysis has been performed on wind speeds only, while wind directions have been used to show the existence, in the spatial structure of the wind climate regimes, of particular regions which correspond to the main topographic and/or thermal forcing of the Mediterranean. These regions are the peaks of the probability density function in the climatological phase space of wind speed patterns recognised by the clustering algorithm. The final classification has been able to identify, for instance, the surface circulation patterns corresponding to Mistral events in the western Mediterranean sub-basin and Etesian winds in the eastern sub-basin.