Abstract
This work focused on studying the effect of dibenzyldithocarbamate vulcanization accelerator on the curing characteristics and performance of styrene–butadiene elastomer (SBR) filled with nanosized silica. A dibenzyldithocarbamate derivative was applied as an additional accelerator to enhance the efficiency and the rate of sulfur vulcanization in the presence of two other accelerators, i.e., N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS) and/or 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG). Furthermore, the possibility of reducing the amount of zinc oxide (ZnO) and the elimination of CBS and DPG from elastomer compounds using dibenzyldithiocarbamate accelerator was tested. Dibenzyldithocarbamate derivative applied with other accelerators (especially CBS) effectively enhances the efficiency of SBR vulcanization by reducing the optimal vulcanization time and increasing the crosslink density of the vulcanizates despite the lower amount of ZnO. Moreover, vulcanizates with dibenzyldithocarbamate demonstrate higher tensile strength while having a smaller content of CBS or DPG compared to the reference SBR composites. Thus, the synergistic effect of dibenzydithiocarbamate derivative on the vulcanization and performance of SBR was confirmed. Furthermore, dibenzyldithocarbamate derivative enables the amount of ZnO to be reduced by 40% without harmful influence on the crosslink density and performance of the vulcanizates. Finally, it is possible to replace CBS with a dibenzyldithiocarbamate derivative without the crosslink density and tensile strength of the vulcanizates being adversely affected, while improving their resistance to thermo-oxidative aging.
Highlights
Vulcanization is one of the most frequently used technological processes in the processing of rubber compounds [1]
Several modifications of the composition of the examined styrene–butadiene elastomer (SBR) rubber compounds were carried out, such as: addition of a variable amount of the dibenzyldithiocarbamate accelerator, reduction of the amount of zinc oxide (ZnO), reduction of the amount and elimination of cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS). Each of these modifications concerned the composition of the curing system, and it was crucial to study their influence on the curing characteristics of the SBR composites
The influence of the curing system composition, i.e., the type and the amount of the primary accelerator (CBS and DPG), the use and the content of the dibenzyldithiocarbamate accelerator (Act8) and the content of ZnO on the curing characteristics and performance of SBR composites filled with nanosized silica was explored
Summary
Vulcanization is one of the most frequently used technological processes in the processing of rubber compounds [1]. Many curing systems dedicated for rubber compounds vulcanization have been developed. The most commonly used curing systems are based on sulfur, peroxides or metal oxides [2,3]. Most of the rubbers widely used in the production of rubber products contain double bonds in macromolecules and are usually vulcanized with sulfur curing systems [4]. Vulcanization accelerators and activators have a significant influence on the curing parameters, i.e., optimal vulcanization time, vulcanization temperature and scorch time. Accelerators and activators enhance the efficiency of vulcanization by increasing the amount of sulfur, which is consumed to create crosslinks in the elastomer network
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