The Synergetic Effect of Soil Amendments on Reducing Bioavailable Heavy Metals and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Upland Soil

Young-Kyu Hong,Sung-Chul Kim,Hyuck-Soo Kim,Jae-E Yang,Jin-Wook Kim

doi:10.3390/agriculture12020246

Young-Kyu Hong, Sung-Chul Kim + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020246

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Abstract

Heavy metal pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil are two major detrimental sources in the agriculture environment because of concerns about crop safety and global warming. Applying amendments on site is a common technique used for heavy metal remediation and the reduction in GHG emissions. This study aims to evaluate the effect of different amendments on the reduction in both bioavailable heavy metals and GHG emissions from soil. Four different amendments, namely bottom ash (BA), sintered material (SM), sintered material combined with lime (SM + L), and FeO (SM + FeO) were applied to upland fields, followed by maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation from April to October. Subsequently, SM + FeO treatment demonstrated the highest bioavailability reduction efficiency for As at 79.1%, and SM + L treatment had a high efficiency for the reduction in Cd and Pb by 64.6% and 41.4%, respectively. SM + FeO treatment also reduced bioaccumulated As and Pb in maize grain by 59.3% and 66.2%, respectively. Furthermore, SM + FeO treatment demonstrated the highest reduction efficiency for cumulative N2O emissions by 70.7%, compared to the control soil. Among the four different amendments, the efficiency of heavy metal and GHG emission reduction was in the following order: SM + FeO > SM + L > SM > BA. Overall, SM combined with FeO is a promising amendment for reducing and managing both heavy metal pollution and GHG emissions in soil.

Highlights

Heavy metal pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions present in arable soil have recently become a concern due to crop safety and the threat of global warming [1,2,3,4,5].The main sources of heavy metal pollution include anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization, industrialization, and environmental over-development [6,7].Mining, smelting activities, and compost made from sludge or waste are typical sources of heavy metal pollution in the environment [6,7,8]
Lime and iron oxide (FeO) were applied together with sintered material (SM) to investigate the combined effect on bioavailable heavy metal reduction and GHG in upland soil
Calcium (Ca)-containing materials are re-precipitated under alkaline conditions [2,25,30]

Summary

Introduction

Heavy metal pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions present in arable soil have recently become a concern due to crop safety and the threat of global warming [1,2,3,4,5].The main sources of heavy metal pollution include anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization, industrialization, and environmental over-development [6,7].Mining, smelting activities, and compost made from sludge or waste are typical sources of heavy metal pollution in the environment [6,7,8]. Heavy metal pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions present in arable soil have recently become a concern due to crop safety and the threat of global warming [1,2,3,4,5]. The main sources of heavy metal pollution include anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization, industrialization, and environmental over-development [6,7]. Mining, smelting activities, and compost made from sludge or waste are typical sources of heavy metal pollution in the environment [6,7,8]. Various remediation techniques have been applied to reduce both heavy metal concentrations and GHG emissions in agricultural soil. The most commonly used amendments include organic materials (biochar, compost, and plant residuals), minerals (zeolite), and pH adjusters (lime, steel slag, and coal ash) [2,3,14,15]

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