The Symbolism of the Sun and Light in the Republic of Plato. I

Abstract

T HIS study of the history of one of the most important symbols in European literature is prompted by a desire to have a clearer understanding of the relation of Plato's thought to symbolism. Plato's insight into the nature of is characterized by a frequent use of symbolism. ideal method of Plato is dialectic, which proceeds without the aid of symbols; but often, when direct knowledge is not possible, the philosopher proceeds with the aid of symbolism. function of symbolism in thought is best expressed by Plato himself. Symbolism is inherent in the very nature of thought. Language itself is symbolic; when insight grasps meaning, it expresses it through the written word, which is an image of thought.' This dependence of thought on imagery is the state of mind described in the third segment of the Divided Line: tapvota proceeds to knowledge with the aid of symbols and consequently is inferior to v6o'nas, which proceeds by grasping first principles themselves. In speaking of the mathematicians who dream about Being and the mathematical procedure of tapvota, Plato says: The very things which they mould and draw, .... these things they treat in their turn as only images, but what they really seek is to get sight of those realities which can be seen only by the mind.2 If one should substitute for mathematical symbolism3