Abstract
AbstractMany protests are met with symbolic responses instead of, or in addition to, concrete actions, yet concessions and repression receive more scholarly attention than any other protest outcome. This article develops a typology of symbolic protest management, the performative or rhetorical responses that are not only directed at a protesting group, but also are intended to influence the public’s understanding of protest events. The typology is structured around two questions: Does the state response treat protests or protesters as legitimate? And does the state respond in a way that signals a resolution of the conflict? Then, using original data on protest in Mexico, the article explores patterns of symbolic response to protest in Mexico.
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