The Survey and Analysis of Rural Smart Development Indicators (Case Study: Villages in Binaloud County)

The Procces and Pattern of Return Migration and Factors Affecting it ) Case Study: Hajilou Dehestan- Kabodarahang County)

Investigating the Role of Entrepreneurship in Sustainable Rural Development with Emphasis on Handicraft (Case Study: Villages of Central District in Anar County)

Rural development is inextricably linked with the participation of government agencies and the attraction of private investment. Government regulation of these processes plays an important role and often determines the course and vector of development. The article is devoted to the analysis of the legislative framework of the Kirov region, which regulates the regional rural areas ecosystem development in the context of digitalization. The main goal of the author's work was to identify problem areas of digital development of the Kirov regional rural areas ecosystem from the point of view of its legislative regulation at the regional level. During the study, various methods of analyzing modern scientific publications, legislative acts and statistical data were used. The materials for the study were the results of studies by Russian and foreign scientists and Rosstat data. The content of regulatory documents of the Kirov region in the field of development of agriculture and rural areas, as well as information and digital development of this ecosystem were studied. Shortcomings in this area were identified and analyzed and ways for solving these problematic issues were proposed. In the article, the author conducted a detailed analysis of regional development programs and legislative acts adopted in the Kirov region, which are designed to ensure the development of rural areas, and also analyzed their effectiveness. The final part of the article formulates a conclusion about the inadequacy of the regional legislative framework concerning the development of rural areas, and in particular their digital development. This article is a part of the author's dissertation research.

Development Index of Village (IPD) is part of a development plan Rural Development Information System (SIPDs) and Rural Area Development is based on Law No. 6 of 2014 on the village of Article 86, which is one of its verses says "Government and Local Government shall develop an information system of the village and the Development of rural areas". Development Index of Village (IPD) was built by the Village Potential Census data (Podes) issued by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) conducted within a period of 3 (three) years. There are five (5) dimensions of rural development index (IPD) is the first basic service, the condition of infrastructure, third-accessibility / transport, public services fourth, and fifth Implementation of government. IPD village classifies into Villages, Village Developing and Village Self. Based on the research results Hidayati (2015) obtained the data that the proportion of the population living below the national poverty line in Tuban regency suffered progress backwards with PHI value of - 0.293, the ratio of depth of poverty in the district Tuban also retreated with PHI value of - 0.141. Similarly, the ratio of employment to population aged 15 years and over in Tuban experiencing progress backwards with PHI value of - 0.063. While Indicator of education in almost all districts in Tuban, many have not reached the target or targets were heading except for indicators dropout rate (DO) of children aged 7-15 years (2.2.z), figure Attrition SD (2.f) and figure Dropout SMP (2.g). These facts are an indication that the achievement of development in Tuban Regency still needs a big effort to be improved. Therefore, in order to improve the development strategy in Tuban regency proper and appropriate program / target location, it is necessary to conduct a study to first identify the achievement of Village Development Index in each Village and District based on 5 Dimension of IPD and conducted Clusterization of Village Development per District in Tuban Regency based IPD (Podes 2014). In order to achieve these objectives are used IPD scorecard and IPD maping techniques. And the result is the majority in almost all districts in Tuban Regency IPD performance related to the dimensions of economic infrastructure, communication infrastructure and information and public services in the field of sports is still far from the target Minimum Service Standards Tuban. IPD achievements are related to the dimensions of energy infrastructure, health and sanitation infrastructure and transportation accessibility, public service in the field of public health and self-reliance in governance shows that almost all districts in Tuban Regency have reached the Minimum Service Standards target. The dimension of governance is a dimension whose level of development achievement does not have a red scorecard for all sub-districts. The village with the highest IPD achievement in Tuban Regency is Sukosari Village, Soko District whereas the lowest IPD achievement is Ngrejeng village, Grabagan sub-district. The percentage of classification of village status in Tuban Regency covers 2.57% of the villages, 90.68% for developing villages and independent villages as much as 6.75%. Based on Cluster Mapping of Village Development Index, Grabagan District is a sub-district with the Lowest Village Development Index level, especially in terms of its infrastructure development dimension. Next Kerek District and District Kenduruan as the second lowest cluster. While the District Jatirogo, Bancar, Tambakboyo, Bangilan, Senori, Parengan, Soko and Semanding. As a sub-district with the highest cluster that has a Village Development Index above 64.09 is District Jenu, Merakurak, Tuban, Cross, Widang, Plumpang, Rengel, Montong and Singgahan

The economic development in Africa is relatively slow. By promoting the development of rural areas and agriculture, it can effectively drive the local economic development speed. The development of agriculture and rural areas needs to improve efficiency by promoting industrial upgrading, so governments in Africa should promote industrial upgrading through scientific methods, use machinery production to improve the efficiency of agricultural development, and improve the quality of development in rural areas. This paper expounds on the problems and countermeasures in the development of agriculture and rural areas in Africa through qualitative analysis. First, the current situation of agricultural and rural development in Africa is analyzed through three parts: the development of African agricultural trade import and export, the development of agricultural added value in Africa, and the environmental development of rural areas in Africa. Analyze and explain. Then, the problems existing in the development of agriculture and rural areas in Africa are expounded in three parts: the relatively slow development of agricultural import and export trade volume, the relatively lagging overall economic development, and the low speed of urbanization; low, the speed of industrial transformation is not fast enough, and the government’s policies are not scientific enough. The three parts are the reasons for the problems of agricultural and rural development in Africa. Finally, it proposes targeted policy recommendations for agricultural and rural development in Africa by promoting the proportion of agricultural mechanization production, promoting the acceleration of industrial transformation, and employing think tanks to use scientific macroeconomic development policies.

This study aims to analyze rural area development after Law No. 4, 2014, concerning villages. The new round of village development begins with the rights of recognition and the program of rural development by the Indonesian government. In this case, the village fund is the government flagship policy for village development, which considered to succeed in increasing the quality of people's lives through infrastructure, community empowerment, and the formation of rural areas. The development of rural areas is a center of growth, whereas focusing on the most developed areas in the disadvantaged region. To encourage the village economy, some policies used in rural areas by developing several villages that have different potential within locations. A method in this research is a case study that occurred over the past four years in Indonesia. In this case, the declining number of poor people become interesting. It happens because rural development, such as Ajibata, Toba Samosir, North Sumatra, Indonesia, can encourage regional development. The concept of rural areas relying on the coffee's attractiveness and coffee's processed as well as increasing the scale of coffee’s agricultural and the coffee's product value. Therefore, innovations in rural area development are significant to support regional economic development.

Prioritizing the Rural development is one of the fundamental concerns of the Islamic Republic of Iran that is not achieved only through the agriculture development in villages of Iran, since weakness of agricultural foundations affect the unstable ecological conditions including the shortage of agricultural fields and the lack of the increase in number of land plots under cultivation, and cannot provide the proper social and economic indices for rural development. Experiences of successful countries in the rural development show the importance of the village industrialization in creating the job opportunities and preventing the rural migration to the cities. Theory of development and industrialization of rural areas is a factor affecting the economic and social development process and may be considered as the last solution for solving the problem of poverty in the rural areas as we see its success in China through this paper. Therefore, this paper examines the role of the handicraft production in sustainable development in the Sar Aqa Seyyed village. A number of handicrafts including carpet weaving as the main handicrafts of Sar Aqa Seyyed village are still flourishing. Handicraft production and development in this village not only creates employment opportunities and income, but also can play a major role in sustainable development and the village independence.

The deepening of cross-border cooperation opens new opportunities for the revitalization of rural areas and obtaining synergistic effect from interlacing reproductive potential of rural areas and subjects that are located there. Considering the dynamics of external environment, there is a need for researching new factors, forms, conditions and parameters of imbalanc-es overcome for rural development in the integration and convergence that affect the economic security of the state. The current realities of European integration processes strengthen the role of cross-border cooperation and open new opportunities for the development of rural areas. The convergence of the rural areas economy of the Euroregion ‘Upper Prut’ simultaneously acts as a catalyst and an indicator of the development of European integration of Ukraine. However, the current state of rural areas development of the Chernivtsi region is a process of uneven, asynchronous and disproportionate changes. The analysis of the development of rural areas showed an uneven development. The main disproportions in the development of rural areas of the Chernivtsi region are the following: monofunctional character of development; inefficient agriculture; negative impact on soil fertility, insufficient application of organic and mineral ferti-lizers; low income of the rural population; absence of conditions for the development of alternative business lines and their further diversification in rural areas; lack of an adequate mechanism for implementing financial support for the development of rural areas; Lack of economic interest to live and work in rural areas, motivation for work, unemployment, labor migra-tion, poverty. Asymmetric development of rural areas of the Chernivtsi region makes it difficult to use the border as a stimu-lating rather than inhibiting factor of cross-border convergence. It should be noted that Chernivtsi region has the opportunity to equalize the asymmetries in the development of rural areas, which are provided by a unique natural resource potential, features of land resources as a natural basis, human, scien-tific and technical potential. However, practice shows that if the normal course of economic processes is violated, without government intervention, there is an increase in disproportions and a socio-economic asymmetry in the development of rural areas. The conducted studies prove the necessity of developing a regional policy aimed at reducing asymmetries in the de-velopment of rural areas and searching for new forms of interaction between participants in cross-border cooperation. Elimination of disparities in rural development is possible through the cooperation of entities that are engaged in ru-ral economic activities, local authorities and the initiatives of the peasants themselves, through the formation of a network of partner organizations. Partnership between the authorities, business and the rural community should be based on the use of international standards of social responsibility that will establish clear requirements for the activities of business, govern-ment and society and thereby equalize existing asymmetries in the development of rural areas. Key words: rural areas, region, potential, diversification, asymmetry, rural area, cross-border cooperation.

The purpose of the research is to study problems of rural development management, to analyse the effectiveness of management of the resource potential of rural areas, and to study the socio-economic priorities of their development, as well as to determine the justified ways of their solution in modern conditions. Methodology. The system approach to studying the development of rural areas makes it possible to consider components in the relationship between themselves and interaction with components of other systems. The state, problems, and prospects of rural development management are considered. The necessity of significant changes in the state policy of rural management is determined. It is substantiated that the current trends in the development of rural areas of Ukraine take place in the direction of narrowing the sphere of application of labour and the mismatch of professional and skilled workers’ quality to the needs of employers, and the growth of unemployment. The results showed that the revival of rural areas depends primarily on the level of economic development of the country. Multifunctional development of the village should be carried out taking into account the integrated approach to solving the problems of the agrarian complex, villages, rural areas in general, through the combination of interests of inhabitants of rural areas, rural communities, local government, and the state, applying social and economic levers of regulation of the relevant relations in conjunction with the organizational and legal ones. The subject of the research is the mechanisms for managing the development of rural areas. The emphasis is made on the imperfection of the modern mechanism of the financial and economic provision of rural development management, in particular, regarding the distribution of state budget funds in this area. The impact of a clear state policy that is aimed at supporting regional development is outlined. The importance of the issue of transferring significant powers and resources to places is investigated; there must be an active position and mutual responsibility of local self-government, local business, and civil society for the development of their territory. The main problem is outlined that the financial situation of rural residents in terms of the unstable development of all spheres of the country’s economy is more complicated than that of the urban population. It is emphasized that the current state of social and economic infrastructure of rural areas confirms the existence of a deep crisis. Taking into account the condition and problems of rural development and modern European traditions in this area, it is proposed to finance the management of rural development using three sources – the state budget, local budget, and rural development funds. Potential sources of the formation of local budget funds, which will be directed to ensuring issues of management of rural development and rural development funds, are determined. Specific directions for the use of funds of each of the mentioned sources are proposed. It is determined that for Ukraine, it is important to study foreign skills of formation of sustainable development of rural areas, analyse their regularities and trends of development. It is proved that the experience of countries of the European Union in the context of European integration should become especially useful for the national economy. Practical implementation. The emphasis is made on the fact that state regulation is the main direction of ensuring sustainable development of the Ukrainian village and a means of ensuring the equilibrium of the Ukrainian economy. Originality. It is outlined that one of the directions of the rural development strategy may be to strengthen initiatives of local entrepreneurs, which will be assisted by local partnerships and the state. The urgent task of further scientific development of this problem is to study the influence of the basic, district, and regional levels of state policy on the management of rural development.

The article studies the specific Rural Development features, defines the main Rural Development elements as systems: village-forming enterprises (agricultural enterprises, as well as enterprises of other activity spheres within a given agricultural area), rural infrastructure, housing complex, etc., which is necessary for the life of the population in rural areas. The necessity of the breeding, seed production and pedigree business development as an important condition for the agricultural plants seeds provision of higher reproductions and high-productive breeds of farm animals is substantiated. Trends in the agricultural plants and animals breeding development are analyzed. The breeding research development problems have been analyzed, including the poor level of Public Research Institutes material and technical base development, lack of modern equipment and technologies, qualified personnel, which makes it difficult to carry out breeding work. The conditions for the rural areas development are defined and grouped, namely: conditions that have a direct and indirect impact on the rural areas development. The need for the enterprises development that form the core of rural areas (agricultural enterprises and enterprises of other spheres of activity), including through the agricultural enterprises interaction with scientific organizations in the field of breeding is determined. The authors justify the need for revival and development of experimental production farm, seed farms and breeding farms for successful implementation of the scientific research results in the breeding, seed production and breeding field. It is justified the fact that the full rural areas development is possible only by ensuring the cumulative effect of these conditions. The main constraining factors in the practical use field of breeding varieties and breeds of animals in the agrosphere are determined. The directions of rural areas development on the basis of use by agricultural producers of achievements of domestic breeding are formulated.

The harmonious and sustainable development of countryside is the key topic of current rural area development in China. The heterogeneity of the geographical environment results in the basis of diversified development modes of villages, besides, the regional differences of culture formed various “regional gene” in rural development. Under the background of cultural highlights and rural revival, cultural tourism has become a key factor of rural area development in minority regions, which featured by minority culture exhibitions and folk culture experiencing activities. Due to the impetus of the cultural tourism, both the introversive developing pattern in traditional rural areas and the social organization structure of these villages have been changed; nevertheless, this mode is bringing uncertain factors to rural areas development. This paper takes the villages of Tujia Autonomous County in Hubei Province as an example. Based on the historical development information of this region, the research tries to figure out the connotation of the Tujia culture; thereafter, the author attempts to generalize the core competitiveness of rural tourism through the activity planning of characteristic culture, which combined with rural industry development, social interaction, environmental renovation and rural reconstruction, to establish a sustainable development framework of the countryside. The study attempts to provide useful experience through this case to give some ideas on how to make breakthroughs on rural development in minority areas.

Analysis of Spatial Interactions of Urban and Rural Areaswith an Emphasis on Rural Development (Case Study: Western Azarbaijan Province)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the policy of the European Union regarding its impact on the socio-economic orientations of the development of rural areas of Ukraine. A retrospective analysis of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union was carried out from its crucial influence on forming new institutional conditions for the functioning and development of Ukrainian agriculture and rural areas. Features of Chapter 17, "Agriculture and Development of Rural Areas" of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, are outlined. The structure of the General Directorate of the European Commission for the Development of Agriculture and Rural Territories has been determined. It is substantiated that a qualitatively new level of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union means not only the need to adapt Ukrainian legislation to the regulatory and legal field of the European Union but also, first of all, to learn from the experience of developing and implementing relevant programs, including in terms of promoting the development of rural areas. It has been proven that the development of rural areas is one of the main directions of the Common Agrarian Policy of the European Union. It was determined that at the national and regional levels of the European Union, several concepts (approaches) exist in parallel, from which three concepts of the development of rural areas can be clearly distinguished: the first conceptual approach identifies rural development with the general modernization of agriculture and the agro-food complex; the second conceptual approach relates rural development exclusively to the reduction of differences between the most backward rural areas and the remaining sectors of the economy; the third conceptual approach identifies rural development with the development of rural areas as a whole through the use of all resources that are on their territory and integration between all components and industries at the local level.

This thesis will examine planning for sustainable rural residential development. The region of South East Queensland is used as the study area to ascertain the effectiveness of rural residential development in this regard.The subject under discussion is important to urban and regional planning because of the high rate of population growth expected in South East Queensland and associated with this, is the growing popularity of rural residential development as an alternative to urban living. In South East Queensland, the area designated for rural residential development is greater than that allocated for urban development. Rural residential development is cause for concern as it can have both positive and negative impacts. It is acknowledged that priority should be given to urban development to accommodate the expected population increase in the South East Queensland region, however the function that rural residential development could provide in this scenario also warrants significant attention.Rural residential development is a form of development that influences the settlement pattern or shape of a city or shire. Positive and negative implications of rural residential development affect not only the city/ shire boundary, but also the resident community and the environment. Thus, rural residential development needs to be examined with regard to the likely physical, environmental and socio-economic implications such a land use may have, and how sustainable land use planning can be utilised to maximise benefits and minimise costs.This thesis will investigate the nature of rural residential development through a discussion of trends, demands and issues associated with this type of development. By establishing the costs and benefits, the study will examine the key positive and negative implications of rural residential development that are necessary to consider in planning for sustainable rural residential development. Particular emphasis is given to the physical, environmental and socio-economic costs and benefits of rural residential development.Current planning instruments will be examined for their attention to the costs and benefits of rural residential development. A case study will be utilised to determine the effectiveness of local planning instruments in planning for sustainable rural residential development. Logan City is to be examined because of the urban fringe nature of the city, its choice of both rural residential and urban residential development and its increasing population.Planning for sustainable rural residential development could be achieved and maintained with greater emphasis on proactive regional planning, coordinated levels of government and strategic planning approaches. Prime considerations for planning sustainable rural residential development will be outlined.Although the problems associated with rural residential development need to be canvassed, the examination of planning for sustainable rural residential development should be analysed to ascertain firstly, whether the land use can deal with the anticipated population growth in the South East Queensland region and secondly, its associated physical, environmental and socio-economic implications.

Local Economic Development (LED) is an appropriate development concept due to the related local or territorial circumstances like considering locality capacity, internal and external factors, and local economic growth so that it has been implemented in many countries. Then the existence of village autonomy and rural area development in Indonesia is such a form of LED implementation. Generally, LED implementation through rural area development has not been successful enough, but in some districts, it has not provided a big impact to improve the people's prosperity. To succeed the LED implementation in developing rural areas, it requires strategies to tackle some problems and challenges and provides a vivid goal in the long term so that the development conducted can synergize each other. Scenario planning is one of the relevant approaches in this case since it accommodates the high complexity and uncertainty. Also, it is used in long-term planning formulation. Moreover, this scenario planning used the TAID method that is tracking, analyzing, imaging, and deciding. Data in this research are compiled by interview, secondary data, and observation to meet the tracking step. Then the output of this will be analyzed using cross-impact to create a scenario in the analyzing step, and the output will be an input for formulating visions and strategies in the imaging and deciding step. This article provides four alternative strategies for developing rural areas which are Dissemination, Optimization, Affirmation, and Reformation.