The Surgical Evolution of Managing Chronic Heart Failure.

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that results from structural and functional defects in the myocardium, which lead to impaired ventricular filling or reduced capacity to eject blood. HF is a major global health issue that affects more than 64 million people worldwide and has an annual incidence of approximately 500,000 new cases in the United States alone (1). According to the Heart and Stroke Foundation, there are 750,000 people living with HF in Canada, where more than 100,000 people are diagnosed with HF each year (2).