Abstract
In the present study, estimating pan evaporation (Epan) was evaluated based on different input parameters: maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, wind speed, and bright sunshine hours. The techniques used for estimating Epan were the artificial neural network (ANN), wavelet-based ANN (WANN), radial function-based support vector machine (SVM-RF), linear function-based SVM (SVM-LF), and multi-linear regression (MLR) models. The proposed models were trained and tested in three different scenarios (Scenario 1, Scenario 2, and Scenario 3) utilizing different percentages of data points. Scenario 1 includes 60%: 40%, Scenario 2 includes 70%: 30%, and Scenario 3 includes 80%: 20% accounting for the training and testing dataset, respectively. The various statistical tools such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and Willmott Index (WI) were used to evaluate the performance of the models. The graphical representation, such as a line diagram, scatter plot, and the Taylor diagram, were also used to evaluate the proposed model’s performance. The model results showed that the SVM-RF model’s performance is superior to other proposed models in all three scenarios. The most accurate values of PCC, RMSE, NSE, and WI were found to be 0.607, 1.349, 0.183, and 0.749, respectively, for the SVM-RF model during Scenario 1 (60%: 40% training: testing) among all scenarios. This showed that with an increase in the sample set for training, the testing data would show a less accurate modeled result. Thus, the evolved models produce comparatively better outcomes and foster decision-making for water managers and planners.
Highlights
This article is an open access articleEstimating pan evaporation (PE) is essential for monitoring, surveying, and managing water resources
To estimate regular Epan, Keskin and Terzi [25] developed multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models. They found that the artificial neural network (ANN) model showed significantly better performance than the traditional system
ANN and wavelet artificial neural network (WANN) trials were conducted depending on the different number of neurons in hidden layers
Summary
This article is an open access article. Estimating pan evaporation (PE) is essential for monitoring, surveying, and managing water resources. In many arid and semi-arid regions, water resources are scarce and seriously endangered by overexploitation. The precise estimation of evaporation becomes imperative for the planning, managing, and scheduling irrigation practices. The most general and essential meteorological parameters that influence the rate of evaporation are relative humidity, temperature, solar radiation, the deficit of vapor pressure, and wind speed. For the estimation of evaporation losses, these parameters should be considered for the precise planning and managing of different water supplies [1,2]
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