Abstract
The superficial veins of the forelimb show high variability, both in man and in other primates, regarding the number of main venous trunks, their course, as well as the origin and location of openings. The distinction between two venous systems–the superficial and deep was made based on the relation of specific venous channels to the deep fascia; both groups of veins anastomose to each other through perforators piercing the deep fascia. In our work, we paid special attention to the organization of the venous system within the forelimb of the Anubis baboon (Papio anubis), as well as communications between the superficial and deep venous system. The main aim of the study was a detailed examination of the location of venous valves and perforating veins in forelimb of Anubis baboon. In the Anubis baboon, we observed the absence of the basilic vein. The main vessel within the forelimb, in the superficial venous system, was a well-developed cephalic vein. In all the cases, the cephalic vein opened into the external jugular vein. Also, in all of the examined specimens, there was an additional anastomosis connecting the cephalic and external jugular vein, i.e., persistent jugulocephalic vein located anterior to the clavicle. The venous vessels in the Anubis baboon were arranged in two main layers: superficial and deep, with both systems being connected by perforators located at the level of the carpus and cubital fossa. The number of venous valves within the cephalic vein was greater on the forearm the same as the mean intervalvular distance.
Highlights
Academic Editor: Cem Kopuz e super cial veins of the forelimb show high variability, both in man and in other primates, regarding the number of main venous trunks, their course, as well as the origin and location of openings. e distinction between two venous systems–the super cial and deep was made based on the relation of speci c venous channels to the deep fascia; both groups of veins anastomose to each other through perforators piercing the deep fascia
In the Anubis baboon, we observed the absence of the basilic vein. e main vessel within the forelimb, in the super cial venous system, was a well-developed cephalic vein
The cephalic vein opened into the external jugular vein
Summary
Academic Editor: Cem Kopuz e super cial veins of the forelimb show high variability, both in man and in other primates, regarding the number of main venous trunks, their course, as well as the origin and location of openings. e distinction between two venous systems–the super cial and deep was made based on the relation of speci c venous channels to the deep fascia; both groups of veins anastomose to each other through perforators piercing the deep fascia. In the case of other primates, there is a single main venous trunk within the upper limb, homologous to the cephalic vein, de ned by some authors as the lateral vein Both systems anastomose with each other at many points through the perforating veins piercing the deep fascia [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. E Anubis baboon was chosen because of the unique possibility of carrying out anatomical research on such a rare research material It is a model representing the upper limb venous pattern characterized by the presence of a single main stem—the cephalic vein [15, 16]. We paid special attention to the organization of the venous system within the forelimb (thoracic limb) in the Anubis baboon, as well as communications between the super cial and deep venous system
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