Abstract
Simple SummaryThis study examines relevant behavioral indicators of rehabilitation success of orphaned chimpanzees, victims of the bushmeat and pet trade, and contributes to identifying future release candidates. Results highlight the importance of bush-outings in the development of species-specific behaviors. Neither trauma upon arrival nor contact with human caretakers predicted dietary knowledge among rehabilitants at the Chimpanzee Conservation Centre where the study took place. The studied orphans demonstrated a relatively broad dietary knowledge. We attributed this result to the combined effect of the multiregional origins of residents and the learning opportunities available during bush-outings, which we termed the “Super Chimpanzee” theory.To date few studies, especially among non-human primates, have evaluated or monitored rehabilitation effectiveness and identified key species-specific behavioral indicators for release success. This four-months study aimed to identify behavioral indicators of rehabilitation success among ten infant and juvenile orphaned chimpanzees cared for in peer groups at the Centre for Conservation of Chimpanzees (CCC), Guinea, West Africa. Behavioral data focused on foraging skills and activity budget. During bush-outings, rehabilitants spent on average nearly a quarter of their activity budget foraging, resting or traveling, respectively. Neither age, sex, the level of abnormal behaviors demonstrated upon arrival nor human contact during bush-outings predicted individual dietary knowledge. However, individuals who spent more time arboreal demonstrated a greater dietary breadth than conspecifics who dwelled more terrestrially. Although our data failed to demonstrate a role of conspecific observation in dietary acquisition, we propose that the mingling of individuals from different geographical origins may act as a catalyst for acquiring new dietary knowledge, promoted by ecological opportunities offered during bush-outings. This “Super Chimpanzee” theory opens up new questions about cultural transmission and socially-biased learning among our closest living relatives and provides a novel outlook on rehabilitation in chimpanzees.
Highlights
The persistence of habitat destruction and the bushmeat and pet-trade across wild chimpanzee range states has led to a marked increase in centers or sanctuaries caring for orphaned chimpanzees [1,2,3,4,5,6,7].The Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA) was created in 2000 in response to this conservation and welfare urgency, all the more exemplified by a 15% annual growth rate of sanctuary residents between2000 and 2006 across PASA-member sanctuaries [6,8]
The Centre for Conservation of Chimpanzees (CCC) is located at the northeastern edge of the Mafou core area of the Haut-Niger National Park (HNNP), one of the last remaining dry forest-savanna mosaics in
The chimpanzees spent a mean percentage of time of 1.5 ± 1.2% searching for food and 1.9 ± 1.1% observing others (Figure 2)
Summary
The persistence of habitat destruction and the bushmeat and pet-trade across wild chimpanzee range states has led to a marked increase in centers or sanctuaries caring for orphaned chimpanzees [1,2,3,4,5,6,7].The Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA) was created in 2000 in response to this conservation and welfare urgency, all the more exemplified by a 15% annual growth rate of sanctuary residents between2000 and 2006 across PASA-member sanctuaries [6,8]. Sanctuaries provide conditions for rehabilitation, which contribute to improving both an individual’s welfare and wellbeing by promoting species-specific behaviors In this context, rehabilitation can be defined as “the process by which captive (primates) are treated for medical and physical disabilities until they regain health, are helped to acquire natural social and ecological skills, and are weaned from human contact and dependence, such that they are able to survive in the wild” ([9], p.5). Rehabilitation can be defined as “the process by which captive (primates) are treated for medical and physical disabilities until they regain health, are helped to acquire natural social and ecological skills, and are weaned from human contact and dependence, such that they are able to survive in the wild” ([9], p.5) This multifaceted and sometimes complex and lengthy process is rendered even more challenging when it entails overcoming sometimes serious individual trauma frequently associated with capture and mistreatment at the hands of previous owners [10]
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