The sulfur reversion process in natural rubber in terms of crosslink density and crosslink density distribution

Abstract

Unfilled natural rubber compounds composed of conventional (CV), semi-efficient (SEV), efficient (EV) and sulfur donor (SD) vulcanization systems were heat aged to promote sulfur reversion. Rheometry, hardness, strain-strain characteristics including Mooney-Rivlin analysis, equilibrium solvent swell and Double Quantum (DQ) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were used to monitor crosslink density changes. A loss of crosslink density was observed by rheometry, C1, equilibrium swelling and by DQ NMR as a function of cure extent. No chain scission reactions were operating in the time/temperature conditions used. All crosslink distributions were unimodal and the network homogeneity followed the order of EV > SD > SEV > CV. The crosslink distribution narrowed during the curing process for the CV and SEV systems. Non-oxidative maturation reactions were advantageous in promoting a more random distribution of crosslinks in the polymer matrix.