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Abstract
ABSTRACTThis paper tracks changes in relative centralisation and relative concentration of poverty for the 25 largest British cities, analysing change for poor and non-poor groups separately, and examining parallel changes in spatial segregation. The paper confirms that poverty is suburbanising, at least in the larger cities, although poverty remains over-represented in inner locations. Suburbanisation is occurring through both the reduction in low income populations in inner locations and the growth non-poor groups in these places, consistent with a process of displacement. Relative centralisation of poverty has fallen more stronglythan relative concentration of poverty, as the outward shift of poorer groups leaves them still living in denser neighbourhoods on average. The paper also shows that spatial segregation (unevenness) declined at the same time although it remains to be seen whether this indicates a long-term shift to less segregated urban forms or a transitional outcome before new forms of segregation emerge around suburban poverty concentrations.
Highlights
For most cities in early-industrialising countries, suburbanisation initially occurred through the movement of more affluent groups to the suburbs, taking advantage of the expansion of public and private transport from the late nineteenth century onwards
The paper shows that spatial segregation declined at the same time it remains to be seen whether this indicates a long-term shift to less segregated urban forms or a transitional outcome before new forms of segregation emerge around suburban poverty concentrations
This paper makes an important contribution to the literature on the suburbanisation of poverty, providing original empirical analyses of change in the spatial distribution of poverty in the 25 largest cities and urban areas in England and Scotland over the period 2004 to 2015/16
Summary
For most cities in early-industrialising countries, suburbanisation initially occurred through the movement of more affluent groups to the suburbs, taking advantage of the expansion of public and private transport from the late nineteenth century onwards. The dismantling of social protection systems under neoliberal regimes, including reductions in social housing, is further accelerating the change through the recommodification of housing stocks (Musterd, Marcinczak, Van Ham, & Tammaru, 2016; Taylor-Gooby, 2013). If these trends continue, the logical outcome will be, as Ehrenhalt (2012) neatly expressed it, an “urban inversion” – cities with affluent and exclusive cores, where lower income groups have been driven out. We examine the relationship between changes in decentralisation, deconcentration, and spatial segregation or unevenness – the extent to which poor and non-poor tend to live in the same neighbourhoods regardless of where in the city these are located
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