Abstract
The main subterranean habitats are: small cavities—interstitial spaces beneath surface waters; large cavities—caves; and shallow subterranean habitats—voids of various sizes close to the surface. The defining feature of all these habitats is the absence of light. Environmental variation is also reduced and most subterranean habitats rely on nutrients transported from the surface. The aquatic component of caves includes water percolating from the surface (including epikarst), streams, and resurgences. Terrestrial habitats include epikarst, and the vadose zone. The aquatic interstitial habitat is comprised of the water-filled spaces between grains of unconsolidated sediments. Shallow subterranean habitats are ones close to the surface. They include the hypotelminorheic, interstitial, epikarst, MSS, soil, lava tubes, calcrete aquifers, and iron-ore caves. They share an absence of light, close surface connections, relatively high nutrient levels relative to other subterranean habitats, and the presence of species highly modified for subterranean life.
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