Abstract
Efflux proteins from the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family are associated with resistance to toxic compounds in both bacteria and archaea. They are the smallest known efflux proteins capable of broad-spectrum transport of toxic compounds, making them an ideal model to study molecular evolution of multidrug resistance in microbes. Two major functional subtypes exist in the family: the guanidinium exporters (Gdx), and the quaternary ammonium compound exporters (Qac). Gdx proteins are selective for guanidinium (gdm+), a byproduct of bacterial nitrogen metabolism, whereas the Qacs transport anthropogenic, cationic toxic compounds that are mostly bulky and polyaromatic.
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