Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the difference in sleep-related factors and metabolites between normal sleep (NS) and sleep deficiency (SD) and to analyze the variations in metabolites according to the intensity of aerobic exercise under SD conditions. This study was conducted on 32 healthy male university students. Participants experienced both NS (8 h of sleep per night for 3 consecutive days) and SD (4 h of sleep per night for 3 consecutive days). After the SD period, the participants underwent treatment for 30 min by the assigned group [sleep supplement after SD (SSD), low-intensity aerobic exercise after SD (LES), moderate-intensity aerobic exercise after SD (MES), high-intensity aerobic exercise after SD (HES)]. For analysis, sleep-related factors were measured, and metabolites were analyzed by untargeted metabolite analysis using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. As a result, SD showed that total sleep time (TST), duration of rapid eye movement (REM), duration of light sleep, and duration of deep sleep were significantly decreased compared to NS, whereas the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and visual analogue scale (VAS) were significantly increased compared to NS. The difference in metabolites between NS and SD showed that there were significant changes in the seven metabolites. There were 18 metabolites that changed according to the treatment groups in SD conditions. In summary, SD can exacerbate sleep quality, induce daytime sleepiness, increase fatigue, and increase metabolites that cause insulin resistance. Aerobic exercise under SD conditions can reduce metabolites that induce insulin resistance and increase the metabolites that help relieve depression caused by SD. However, HES has a negative effect, which increases fatigue, whereas LES has no negative effect. Thus, this study suggests that LES is the most appropriate exercise method under SD conditions.
Highlights
Sleep is critical to routine functioning and a high quality of life
total sleep time (TST), duration of rapid eye movement (REM), duration of light sleep, and duration of deep sleep in sleep deficiency (SD) were significantly decreased compared to normal sleep (NS) (p < 0.001)
The mechanism underlying stearic acid level increase by SD remains unknown, our results suggest that the increase in stearic acid levels after SD is closely associated with insulin resistance
Summary
Sleep is critical to routine functioning and a high quality of life. Sleep modulates physiological functions, is significant for normal metabolic health, and is necessary for optimal health conditions. Sleep provides rest to the central nervous system and helps restore homeostasis [1]. Sleep aids recovery from mental and physical fatigue from daytime activity and energy replenishment [2]. Sleep significantly contributes to memory function and neuronal plasticity [3]. Sleep duration has decreased in modern society. Individuals are exposed to sleep deficiency (SD) because of excessive stress, fatigue, and frequent voluntary or forced overworking. Individuals often experience disturbances in their usual sleep patterns because of occupational characteristics, life conditions, aging, and diseases [4]. SD has been associated with several adverse health consequences
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