Abstract
The seeds of berry fruits are a component of fruit waste occurring in the production process. Circular economy rules focus on decreasing the amount of waste produced and reusing by-products when it is possible. To determine the possible applications of the studied fruit industry wastes, the thermal properties of berry seeds and of oil extracted from the tested material were examined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), and thermogravimetry (TG) of blackberry, chokeberry, and raspberry seeds were carried out. The properties of oil extracted in the Soxhlet apparatus were studied by pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC), TG, and gas chromatography (GC) measurements. The results show that berry seeds lipids are from different melting fraction groups with a dominance of low-melting fraction, which consists of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. There are also occurring residues of carbohydrates and inorganic, thermostable substances in the studied seeds. A GC analysis of oil confirms that the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are most abundant and amount to 78.72 ± 0.06% in blackberry seed oil, 73.79 ± 0.14% in chokeberry seed oil, and 82.74 ± 0.03% in raspberry seed oil. The PDSC study showed that the most oxidative stable oil is blackberry seed oil, followed by raspberry and chokeberry seed oils. According to the obtained results, berry seeds can be used as a source of oil in food or other production chains. However, more detailed characteristics of berry seed oils are needed to determine their applicability.
Highlights
Nowadays, agricultural production has to deal with the growing problem of utilizing and reducing food wastes
The main aim of this study was to analyze the thermal properties of blackberry, chokeberry, and raspberry seeds and oils extracted from the mentioned seeds
Performance Materials Poland S.A. (Gliwice, Poland), excluding fatty acid mixture standard used in the gas chromatography (GC) study, provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA)
Summary
Agricultural production has to deal with the growing problem of utilizing and reducing food wastes. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), up to 45% of the fruits and vegetables produced are wasted [1]. The amount of loss may lead to economic consequences, as well as natural environmental damages [2]. Applying the circular economy model to the food production chain can bring financial and environmental benefits. In fruit processing, the mentioned economic model implies further usage of fruit by-products, as they still consist of bioactive, nutritive compounds [3]. The fruit industry is mainly focused on primary production, and, a significant amount of fruit is processed into products such as juices or concentrates
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