The study of the historical development of glass in ancient times

شیماء سلامه

doi:10.21608/mjaf.2019.12434.1145

Abstract

Abstract: This paper discusses historical development of glass in ancient times, identify the most important characteristics of glass in every era of time, through the study of their properties, chemical composition of the types of glass and production methods, through the study of some archaeological models of global museums to reach the most distinctive characteristics of each era ,The aim of this paper is to explore these aspects by using a combination of focused studies and case studies in various ancient and historical periods. Each case study in ancient Egyptian period, Roman Middle East, and the Islamic world.keywords: historical development of glass, Ancient Egyptian, Roman glass, Islamic glass, chemical composition, glass techniques.I. INTRODUCTION Ancient Egyptian GlassAs early as the third millennium B.C., craftsmen in Mesopotamia discovered how to glaze jewelry and small objects with colored glass. The new material joined other vitreous glazes, like faience, as a less expensive substitute for rare and precious stones, such as lapis lazuli. Subsequent developments, especially the use of simple molds, enabled craftsmen to form objects entirely from glass.In all likelihood, the Egyptians learned glassmaking from their Asiatic neighbors, possibly from captives taken during Egyptian military campaigns in the East under the eighteenth-dynasty pharaoh Thutmosis III (1490–1436 B.C.). The glass industry, once transplanted to Egypt, grew vigorously, fueled in part by the abundance of the raw materials required to manufacture glass. Egyptian workshops not only produced a variety of wares for consumption by the royal court and aristocrats, who could afford such luxuries, but also exported large quantities of raw glass.

Highlights

Ancient Egyptian Glass As early as the third millennium B.C., craftsmen in Mesopotamia discovered how to glaze jewelry and small objects with colored glass
Islamic glass: In the Islamic world between the 9th and 11th centuries, a production model for glass can be suggested in which a number of centers manufactured raw glass partly from locally occurring raw materials, certainly for local consumption and perhaps for export to other glass-working centers
The first point is: 1-ancient Egyptian one of the earliest who produced glass,The material which was intervention in the industry until late era is sand quartz and calcium carbonate and Natron or ashes of the girls and a small amount of colored materials, 15th Century B.C. ~ Glass vessels are first produced in Egypt, 500 B.C. ~ Glass vessels production begins on Roman Republic, 2-Roman glass industry sprang from almost nothing and developed to full maturity over a couple of generations during the first half of the first century A.D.Roman industry roughly coincided with the invention of glassblowing

Summary

I.INTRODUCTION

Ancient Egyptian Glass As early as the third millennium B.C., craftsmen in Mesopotamia discovered how to glaze jewelry and small objects with colored glass. Subsequent developments, especially the use of simple molds, enabled craftsmen to form objects entirely from glass. The technique was perhaps brought to Egypt by Syrian craftsmen, as its introduction seems to coincide with the successful Syrian campaigns of Thutmose III. Glass was produced by heating quartz sand and natron until they were molten, adding a color agent such as a copper compound for blue and green. The craftsman added details such as handles and bases using tongs, while the glass was still hot. The color of this vessel probably imitates turquoise, the yellow and white represents gold and silver. Ancient Egyptian glass Chemical composition The ancient Egyptian glass basis of sodium and calcium silicate, which looks like a modern ordinary glass in the nature of the materials used in the installation is that the proportion of material in both different if the glass talking contains a high proportion of silica and calcium oxide, and the ratio is less than calcium oxide and the ratio of less than less than iron oxide and aluminum alkali does not contain any alkaloids, as it does not contain magnesium oxide or magnesium oxide to the glass industry requires a fusion to the glass industry require fusion at a temperature between 1400 and 1500 degree cellulose to a string of vitrified material and the oxide alkaline and alkaline mud but if we want to get on the glass of a particular kind, it enables us to add various auxiliaries for this group this mixture is gradually under the influence of heat through the formation of sticky paste continue formed between 650 and 1000 degrees cellulose

Glass production

Techniques

Ancient Rome Glass

VIII. Islamic glass

Findings

CONCLUSION