Abstract
The performance of the event-related potential (ERP)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) declines when applying it into the real environment, which limits the generality of the BCI. The sound is a common noise in daily life, and whether it has influence on this decline is unknown. This study designs a visual-auditory BCI task that requires the subject to focus on the visual interface to output commands and simultaneously count number according to an auditory story. The story is played at three speeds to cause different workloads. Data collected under the same or different workloads are used to train and test classifiers. The results show that when the speed of playing the story increases, the amplitudes of P300 and N200 potentials decrease by 0.86 μV (p = 0.0239) and 0.69 μV (p = 0.0158) in occipital-parietal area, leading to a 5.95% decline (p = 0.0101) of accuracy and 9.53 bits/min decline (p = 0.0416) of information transfer rate. The classifier that is trained by the high workload data achieves higher accuracy than the one trained by the low workload if using the high workload data to test the performance. The result indicates that the sound could affect the visual ERP-BCI by increasing the workload. The large similarity of the training data and testing data is as important as the amplitudes of the ERP on obtaining high performance, which gives us an insight on how make to the ERP-BCI generalized.
Highlights
The brain–computer interface (BCI) is a system to control the machine without human peripheral neuromuscular system [1,2]
Event-related potential (ERP) is an evoked potential recorded from the surface of the scalp when a person performs cognitive processing with a particular stimulus, which reflects the neurophysiological changes of brain during cognitive processes [6,7]
This study uses a dual-task to explore the influence of the speed of the sound on the visual BCI
Summary
The brain–computer interface (BCI) is a system to control the machine without human peripheral neuromuscular system [1,2]. This can effectively enhance the physical ability of the user [3,4,5]. Less training and high performance make the ERP-based BCI system widely used, e.g., underwater manipulator [8], consciousness detection [9], paradigm research [10,11]. Whether the sound affects the performance of the visual ERP-based BCI is unclear, since there are two different views on the influence of the sound. Some researchers have shown that using the visual and auditory tasks
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