Abstract
As early as 1884, in an unfinished article devoted to appearance of national states in Middle Ages, Lenin commented on Europe-wide character of process of centralization into states. Everywhere in Europe, including its remote outskirts that had not yet passed fully through feudal system (1) - everywhere, royal power triumphed at one and same time. This occurred in latter half of fifteenth century in Spain, Portugal, France, and England: the Scandinavian countries had long since been unified; Poland, whose royal power had not yet grown weak, had, from time of its unification with Lithuania, moved toward its period of brilliance; and even in Russia subjection of appanage princes went hand in hand with liberation from Tatar yoke, a process finalized by Ivan III. Only in Italy and Germany was there as yet neither royal power nor national unity inconceivable without it at time. (2) In other notes, written in connection with preparation for his pro...
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