Abstract
Alphaviruses are arboviruses that cause arthritis and encephalitis in humans. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is implicated in severe encephalitis in humans with high mortality. However, limited insights are available into the fundamental biology of EEEV and residue-level details of its interactions with host proteins. In recent years, outbreaks of EEEV have been reported mainly in the United States, raising concerns about public safety. This review article summarizes recent advances in the structural biology of EEEV based mainly on single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) structures. Together with functional analyses of EEEV and related alphaviruses, these structural investigations provide clues to how EEEV interacts with host proteins, which may open avenues for the development of therapeutics.
Highlights
Alphaviruses are enveloped icosahedral arboviruses that infect mammalian hosts, including humans [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Typically causes fewer than ten reported human cases per year, 34 cases of Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) were reported in USA in 2019 and the virus has been detected in mosquitoes that feed on humans [16,18,20]
We provide a summary of recent publications on the structural biology of EEEV entry, disassembly, assembly, and interactions with host molecules
Summary
Alphaviruses are enveloped icosahedral arboviruses that infect mammalian hosts, including humans [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. EEEV infection and interactions of its proteins with host factors are rather limited as compared to other alphaviruses such as CHIKV. We provide a summary of recent publications on the structural biology of EEEV entry, disassembly, assembly, and interactions with host molecules. We highlight how EEEV escapes detection by receptors for viral glycans and provide a perspective on antibody interactions with viral envelope. 2 ofre ceptors for viral glycans and provide a perspective on antibody interactions with viral envelope proteins. The structural questions on EEEV dynamics in host cells raised in this article have broad relevance to the understanding of alphavirus infection and interactions proteins. With host The cell structural molecules.questions on EEEV dynamics in host cells raised in this article have broad relevance to the understanding of alphavirus infection and interactions with host cell molecules
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