The Structural and Functional Basis of Physiological and Reparative Regeneration of Corneal Tissues

Abstract

The article is devoted to the review and analysis of scientific literature on physiological and reparative histogenesis in the cornea. The most vulnerable in injuries of the anterior parts of the eye is the cornea. Therefore, it is extremely important to assess the processes of regeneration of the cornea. There are stem cells in the corneal tissues, but their contribution to its regeneration is different and depends on many internal and external factors. The most prominent role and importance of stem cells in the regeneration of the cornea is manifested in the regeneration of the anterior epithelium. It is constantly updated by mitotic division of corneal phenotype stem cells located in the corneal area of the limb and perilymbal zone. Cells of other layers of the cornea - keratocytes own substance and endothelial cells are rarely divided. Keratocytes are capable of proliferation under the influence of additional factors, and the endothelial repareret by stretching and migration of the endothelial cells intact and at the expense of intracellular regeneration. The main reason for the violation of reparative regeneration of corneal tissue is limbal cell insufficiency syndrome, due to deficiency or dysfunction of stem cells of the limb. The lack of stem cells of any type of tissue can lead to impaired regeneration of the injured cornea as a result of advanced proliferation of myofibroblasts and secretion of the extracellular matrix, which contributes to the formation of connective scar and corneal opacity. Damage to the limbal region significantly disrupts reparative histogenesis in the cornea. Normal epithelialization of the cornea is possible with the preservation of at least half of the area of the limbal region.