The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone induces phosphorylation and aggregation of stromal interacting molecule 1 for store-operated calcium entry

Abstract

Oligomerization of stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) promotes store-operated calcium entry (SOCE); however, the mechanism of STIM1 aggregation is unclear. Here, using the lepidopteran insect and agricultural pest cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) as a model and immunoblotting, RT-qPCR, RNA interference (RNAi), and ChIP assays, we found that the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) up-regulates STIM1 expression via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the 20E nuclear receptor (EcRB1). We also identified an ecdysone-response element (EcRE) in the 5'-upstream region of the STIM1 gene and also noted that STIM1 is located in the larval midgut during metamorphosis. STIM1 knockdown in larvae delayed pupation time, prevented midgut remodeling, and decreased 20E-induced gene transcription. STIM1 knockdown in a H. armigera epidermal cell line, HaEpi, repressed 20E-induced calcium ion influx and apoptosis. Moreover, 20E-induced STIM1 clustering to puncta and translocation toward the cell membrane. Inhibitors of GPCRs, phospholipase C (PLC), and inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) repressed 20E-induced STIM1 phosphorylation, and we found that two GPCRs are involved in 20E-induced STIM1 phosphorylation. 20E-induced STIM1 phosphorylation on Ser-485 through protein kinase C (PKC), and we observed that Ser-485 phosphorylation is critical for STIM1 clustering, interaction with calcium release-activated calcium channel modulator 1 (Orai1), calcium ion influx, and 20E-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that 20E up-regulates STIM1 phosphorylation for aggregation via GPCRs, followed by interaction with Orai1 to induce SOCE, thereby promoting apoptosis in the midgut during insect metamorphosis.