Abstract
Adult females An. gambiae were exposed in 3 min cone test to treated nets with PPF before or after they were blood fed. The effects of PPF on ovaries development, females oviposition and eggs hatching were assessed. Both unfed and fed mosquitoes exposed to PPF exhibited nearly complete inhibition of fecundity (70-100%) and fertility (90-100%). After females have been exposed once to PPF, the sterilizing effect on their fecundity was observed over 3 consecutive blood meals suggesting that PPF might have an irreversible sterilizing effect. Observation of the ovaries of exposed females to PPF under microscope revealed that the ovaries failed to develop even after several blood meals. The combination of PPF to pyrethroids on bednets could provide better malaria control tool and prevent the further development and spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors.
Highlights
Pyrethroid insecticides are the most widely used compounds in public health because of their high effectiveness and strong excito-repellent effect on insects, as well as low mammalian toxicity [1,2,3]
The current study explores this gap and assesses for the first time the physiological impact of PPF on An. gambiae Kisumu female ovaries when exposed to PPF treated nets at different times after blood meals in the laboratory
The effect of PPF on fecundity and fertility has been investigated in several insects but the mechanisms by which PPF interferes with female reproductive outcomes has been overlooked in mosquitoes
Summary
Pyrethroid insecticides are the most widely used compounds in public health because of their high effectiveness and strong excito-repellent effect on insects, as well as low mammalian toxicity [1,2,3]. Resistance to this insecticide class has become widespread in malaria vectors in several malaria endemic countries and that may challenge in the future the success of malaria control programmes [4,5,6,7]. The current study explores this gap and assesses for the first time the physiological impact of PPF on An. gambiae Kisumu female ovaries when exposed to PPF treated nets at different times after blood meals in the laboratory
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