Abstract
Three methods of sterilization are briefly described: sterilization by heat using low pressure and sub-atmospheric steam; gaseous sterilization by means of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, formaldehyde and BPL; and irradiation. Problems encountered in the application of these techniques to freeze-drying equipment include radiation and toxic hazards, corrosion and contamination of oil-sealed vacuum pumps. Criteria for the selection of the most suitable method are recommended and some appropriate modifications to the freeze-drying equipment are suggested.
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