Abstract
Data enabled research with a spatial perspective may help to combat human diseases in an informed and cost-effective manner. Understanding the changing patterns of environmental degradation is essential to help in determining the health outcomes such as asthma of a community. In this research, Mississippi asthma-related prevalence data for 2003–2011 were analyzed using spatial statistical techniques in Geographic Information Systems. Geocoding by ZIP code, choropleth mapping, and hotspot analysis techniques were applied to map the spatial data. Disease rates were calculated for every ZIP code region from 2009 to 2011. The highest rates (4–5.5%) were found in Prairie in Monroe County for three consecutive years. Statistically significant hotspots were observed in urban regions of Jackson and Gulf port with steady increase near urban Jackson and the area between Jackson and meridian metropolis. For 2009–2011, spatial signatures of urban risk factors were found in dense population areas, which was confirmed from regression analysis of asthma patients with population data (linear increase of R2 = 0.648, as it reaches a population size of 3,5000 per ZIP code and the relationship decreased to 59% as the population size increased above 3,5000 to a maximum of 4,7000 per ZIP code). The observed correlation coefficient (r) between monthly mean O3 and asthma prevalence was moderately positive during 2009–2011 (r = 0.57). The regression model also indicated that 2011 annual PM2.5 has a statistically significant influence on the aggravation of the asthma cases (adjusted R-squared 0.93) and the 2011 PM2.5 depended on asthma per capita and poverty rate as well. The present study indicates that Jackson urban area and coastal Mississippi are to be observed for disease prevalence in future. The current results and GIS disease maps may be used by federal and state health authorities to identify at-risk populations and health advisory.
Highlights
Air pollution has become a burden on population health, as more than 2 million premature deaths every year can be attributed to the air pollution worldwide [1,2]
Largest numbers of patients were observed in urban regions, and the highest asthma rate was found in rural regions (Supplementary Figure S2)
Significant hotspots were observed in urban regions of Jackson and Gulf port, which mean the areas where a high number of patients are found in neighboring ZIP codes
Summary
Air pollution has become a burden on population health, as more than 2 million premature deaths every year can be attributed to the air pollution worldwide [1,2]. Many research studies have successfully established the relation between air pollution and its associated health effects [8,9,10,11] It is less clear which pollutants are most responsible for causing respiratory illnesses, but traffic pollution might be playing a key role. The geography and subject’s spatial presence may play a major role in determining the environmental variables human being is exposed to [16,17]. They may vary by sex, race, and age among individuals
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