Abstract
Background Swine are the most important meat animal, famous for white meat, which are prepared as ham, bacon, gammon, sausages and pork. Swine are valuable animals and they are physiologically, immunologically and anatomically similar to humans and their organ can be transplanted to the humans. Due to modernization, the cultural food restriction has lost in the people of urban communities and among the younger generations in Nepal. Gradually changing feeding habit of Nepalese has proven pork to be a useful addition to the food menu. Not only 8.7 lakhs swine in Nepal but the global pig population which occupy 769.05 million are suffering every day from new challenges and threats from very harmful pathogens and diseases like swine dysentery, coccidiosis, swine influenza, etc. Swine influenza is highly contagious rapidly spreading zoonotic viral disease of pigs characterized by febrile respiratory disease often complicated with secondary bacterial infections. Vaccines are only tool for prophylactic measures. There is big challenge for vaccine researchers, manufacturers and scientists for development of effective vaccine regarding swine influenza. Currently available flu vaccines are capable of homologous protection of virus but fail to induce cross protection against frequently evolving heterologous viruses. In this review, we discuss the status of novel nanoparticle-based approach of swine influenza virus vaccine development contributed significantly by Nepalese scientist and the future directions to control this economically important swine disease.
Highlights
Swine are the important and valuable food animals, globally popular for white meat [1]
We describe the nanoparticle-based approach of swine influenza vaccines development, carried forward by a Nepalese scientist at The Ohio State University (USA), which can induce heterologous protection and bear commercialization potential
Polylactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)-based swine influenza virus vaccine delivered by intranasal route did not induce effective humoral immune response but induced strong cytotoxic T cell response which resulted in protection of virulent heterologous influenza virus induced clinical diseases, reduced lungs pathology and cleared the virulent zoonotic heterologous virus from the lungs of pigs [20]
Summary
Swine are the important and valuable food animals, globally popular for white meat [1]. PLGA-based swine influenza virus vaccine delivered by intranasal route did not induce effective humoral immune response but induced strong cytotoxic T cell response which resulted in protection of virulent heterologous influenza virus induced clinical diseases, reduced lungs pathology and cleared the virulent zoonotic heterologous virus from the lungs of pigs [20] This technology has been patented and licensed to Aptimmune biologics Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA for potential commercialization in swine industry [21]. Dhakal et al (2018) developed mucoadhesive chitosan nanoparticles-delivered inactivated swine influenza virus vaccine using tripolyphosphate by ionotropic gelation technique This chitosan-based nano vaccine administered through intranasal route elicited robust mucosal secretary (IgA) antibody response and virus-specific cell-mediated immunity in pigs resulting 100 times lower virus load in the respiratory tract of pigs compared to pigs vaccinated with inactivated soluble antigens [35]. With further research focused on developing balanced antibody and cell mediated immune responses, nanoparticle-based vaccines can serve as the better candidate swine influenza vaccine for global pig market
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