Abstract
AbstractWe survey the state of the art of spatial interfaces for 3D visualization. Interaction techniques are crucial to data visualization processes and the visualization research community has been calling for more research on interaction for years. Yet, research papers focusing on interaction techniques, in particular for 3D visualization purposes, are not always published in visualization venues, sometimes making it challenging to synthesize the latest interaction and visualization results. We therefore introduce a taxonomy of interaction technique for 3D visualization. The taxonomy is organized along two axes: the primary source of input on the one hand and the visualization task they support on the other hand. Surveying the state of the art allows us to highlight specific challenges and missed opportunities for research in 3D visualization. In particular, we call for additional research in: (1) controlling 3D visualization widgets to help scientists better understand their data, (2) 3D interaction techniques for dissemination, which are under‐explored yet show great promise for helping museum and science centers in their mission to share recent knowledge, and (3) developing new measures that move beyond traditional time and errors metrics for evaluating visualizations that include spatial interaction.
Highlights
The visualization research community has long recognized the importance of user interface research and the special role that interactive techniques can play in data visualization processes
Cial needs of interactive data visualization tasks. Such an approach would make use of the skills to interact with the physical 3D world that people naturally possess, and, thereby, have potential for great positive impact since so many important datasets have an inherent 3D structure: data acquired from simulations as well as spatial data, medical data, or biological data. To contribute to this future, this state of the art report surveys the spatial 3D interaction techniques that have been presented in the literature, presents a task-based framework for guiding new research on vis-specific spatial 3D interaction techniques, and repeats the call for additional research on spatial 3D interfaces to support 3D visualization tasks
A variety of spatial interaction paradigms have been investigated for both 3D manipulations and visualization-specific interaction techniques; we focus in particular on tactile/touch interaction, tangible interaction, midair gestural interaction, and hybrid interaction, i. e., interaction techniques combining several interaction paradigms, since these paradigms are most readily supported by current spatial interface hardware
Summary
Before surveying the spatial interaction literature, it is important to have a common understanding of both the interactive tasks users need to perform with visualizations (e.g., view manipulation, working with widgets, data selection) and the major interaction paradigms (e.g., tactile, tangible, and mid-air) that are possible with spatial interaction techniques.
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