Abstract
Context of the review: The manipulation of the genetic basis controlling grapevine adaptation and phenotypic plasticity can be performed either by classical genetics or biotechnologies. In the last 15 years, considerable knowledge has accumulated about the grapevine genome as well as the mechanisms involved in the interaction of the vine with the environment, pests and diseases. Despite the difficulties associated with genetic mapping in this species (allele diversity, chimerism, long generation intervals...), several major controlling important vegetative or reproductive traits have been identified. Considering the huge genotypic and phenotypic diversities existing in Vitis, breeding offers a substantial range of options to improve the performances of cultivars. However, even if marker-assisted selection was largely developed to shorten breeding programs, the selection of improved cultivars, whether for agronomic traits or disease tolerances, is still long and uncertain. Moreover, breeding by crossing does not preserve cultivar genetic background, when the wine industry and market are still based on varietal wines.Significance of the review: In grapevine, pioneering biotechnologies were set up in the 1960s to propagate and/or clean the material from micro-organisms. In the 1990s, the basis of genetic engineering was primary established through biolistic or Agrobacterium with several derived technologies refined in the last 10 years. The latest advance is represented by a group of technologies based on genome editing which allows a much more precise modification of the genome. These technologies, so-called NBTs (new breeding technologies), which theoretically do not deconstruct the phenotype of existing cultivars, could be potentially better accepted by the wine industry and consumers than previous GMO (genetically modified organism) approaches. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art of the biotechnologies available for grapevine genome manipulation and future prospects for genetic improvement.
Highlights
The term biotechnology refers to any process of cultivation, multiplication or genetic modification that uses techniques or conditions of implementation that do not exist in the nature (Torregrosa and Bouquet, 1993)
Transient transformation refers to the situation in which the foreign DNA transiently remains in the nucleus without being integrated into the plant genome but is transcribed to express the genes of interest. These Agrobacteriummediated gene transfer methods were developed in the early 1990s (Baribault et al, 1989) and underwent continuous improvement to allow the characterization of the function and regulation of several genes (Table 4)
Future prospects for grapevine genetic improvement by means of the clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system may concern the optimization of the targeted insertion of donor DNA at the cleavage site driven by homology
Summary
The term biotechnology refers to any process of cultivation, multiplication or genetic modification that uses techniques or conditions of implementation that do not exist in the nature (Torregrosa and Bouquet, 1993) This term can be applied to a large number of technologies used to multiply, select elite individuals or modify their sanitary or genetic status. Because the hormonal balance imposed to obtain the axillary proliferation masses inhibits the rhizogenesis, the rooting of the shoots isolated from proliferation masses requires an additional step using an auxin-enriched media (IAA, IAB or NAA) By this technique, it is theoretically possible to obtain from a single bud more than 104 plants per year. Applied to crosses involving microvine parents, embryo rescue results in a very high rate of germination, in particular when embryos are extracted at an early stage of berry development (Chatbanyong and Torregrosa, 2015)
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