Abstract
BackgroundPatient portals have emerged as a recognized digital health strategy. To date, research on patient portals has grown rapidly. However, there has been limited evaluation of the growing body of evidence on portal availability, use, clinical or health behavior and outcomes, and portal adoption over time.ObjectiveThis paper aims to comprehensively consolidate the current state of evidence on patient portals using the umbrella review methodology, introduce our approach for evaluating evidence for quantitative and qualitative findings presented in included systematic reviews, and present a knowledge translation tool that can be used to inform all stages of patient portal adoption.MethodsFor this study, a modified version of the Joanna Briggs Institute umbrella review method was used. Multiple databases were searched for systematic reviews focused on patient portals, and the final sample included 14 reviews. We conducted a meta-level synthesis of findings from quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods primary studies reported in systematic reviews. We organized the umbrella review findings according to the Clinical Adoption Meta-Model (CAMM). Vote-counting, GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations), and CERQual (Confidence in the Evidence from Review of Qualitative Research) were used to assess the umbrella review evidence.ResultsOur knowledge translation tool summarizes the findings in the form of an evidence map. Organized by the CAMM categories, the map describes the following factors that influence portal adoption and effects over time: patient contexts, patient's interest and satisfaction, portal design, facilitators and barriers, providers' attitudes, service utilization, behavioral effects, clinical outcomes, and patient-reported outcomes. The map lists the theories and mechanisms recognized in the included portal research while identifying the need for business models and organizational theories that can inform all stages of portal adoption. Our GRADE and CERQual umbrella review evaluation resulted in the majority of evidence being rated as moderate to low, which reflects methodological issues in portal research, insufficient number of studies, or mixed results in specific focus areas. The 2 findings with a high rating of evidence were patients' interest in using portals for communication and the importance of a simple display of information in the portals. Over 40 portal features were identified in the umbrella review, with communication through secure messaging and appointment booking mentioned in all systematic reviews.ConclusionsOur umbrella review provides a meta-level synthesis to make sense of the evidence on patient portals from published systematic reviews. Unsystematic and variable reporting of portal features undermines the ability to evaluate and compare portal effects and overlooks the specific context of portal use. Research designs sensitive to the social, organizational, policy, and temporal dimensions are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and context that leverage the identified factors to improve portal use and effects.
Highlights
BackgroundInternationally, there has been an increasing effort to engage patients and consumers in their own health care using information and communication technology
Consistent with the findings of other systematic review (SR) not included in our umbrella review, we found that the most extensive areas of research and evidence were on patient-related factors, namely, common barriers and facilitators [22,51], clinical and behavioral outcomes [20], and the role of patient demographic factors in portal adoption [19,20,22,46,51]
Our umbrella review offers an organized knowledge translation tool on what is known about patient portals, the quality of the available evidence, and areas that require further work
Summary
BackgroundInternationally, there has been an increasing effort to engage patients and consumers in their own health care using information and communication technology. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly stimulated the adoption and use of information and communication technology in primary care and outpatient clinics to facilitate remote visits, distant monitoring, and communication during the period of social distancing, for patients living with chronic conditions [1,2,3,4]. These current events will further motivate various stakeholders to revisit the importance of eHealth tools, including electronic patient portals. Research designs sensitive to the social, organizational, policy, and temporal dimensions are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and context that leverage the identified factors to improve portal use and effects
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