Abstract
Australia's five main cities have low urban density, very high levels of car dependence and high levels of car ownership. The importance of pursuing sustainable urban development was acknowledged in Australian metropolitan plans of the early 1990s. A decade and a half later Australian cities are still low in density and car dependent but residential densities have increased and housing has become much less affordable. Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Adelaide all rank highly for livability in surveys of world cities. However major concerns are being expressed about falling housing affordability and persistent problems of social exclusion. In all five cities, journeys by the greenest modes of walking and cycling were below 5%. A history of land use planning is given. Planning policy now involves revitalising railway lines and new self-contained towns based on existing railway corridors.
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