The Stabilization of Liquid Smoke through Hydrodeoxygenation Over Nickel Catalyst Loaded on Sarulla Natural Zeolite

Saharman Gea,Junifa Layla Sihombing,Tiamina Nasution,Agus Haryono,Yasir Arafat Hutapea,Ahmad Nasir Pulungan,Rahayu Rahayu,Andriayani Andriayani

doi:10.3390/app10124126

Saharman Gea, Junifa Layla Sihombing + Show 6 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124126

Copy DOI

Abstract

Constituents of liquid smoke possess a huge potential to be converted as value-added chemicals, such as flavoring, antiseptics, antioxidants, or even fossil oil substitutes. However, liquid smoke instability, led by the presence of oxygenate compounds, is an obstacle for further utilization and processing. On the other hand, catalyst efficiency in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) remains challenging. Sarulla natural zeolite (Z), with abundant availability, has not been comprehensively investigated in the catalytic performance of HDO. In this study, Sarulla natural zeolite with different Si/Al ratios, which are activated by several concentrations of hydrochloric acid and nickel supported by Z (Ni-Z) synthesized by wet impregnation, were evaluated for HDO of liquid smoke, particularly in reducing oxygenate compounds. Catalyst morphology, surface area, pores, and crystallinity are investigated. Catalytic performances were evaluated, particularly on reducing oxygenate compounds and the shifting of phenol and its derivatives. Furthermore, the liquid smoke product of HDO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The data obtained reveal that the HDO process of liquid smoke with the Z3 catalyst shows the best activity compared to Z5 and Z7, with phenol conversion of 62.39% and 11.93% of alkoxy reduction. Meanwhile, the best Ni metal catalyst system activity was given by the Ni-Z5 catalyst compared to Ni-Z3 and Ni-Z7, where phenol conversion and alkoxy reduction were at 60.06% and 11.49%, respectively.

Highlights

Liquid smoke as a result of pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass has driven research attention because of its constituents’ potential as a substitute for fossil fuel, flavorings, colorings, antiseptics, and antioxidants and other value-added chemicals
Hasanah et al [1] reported liquid smoke obtained from coconut shells consists of phenol (16.4%), hydrocarbon (12.4%), phenolic (27.6%), and oxygenate compounds (53.6%), and acetic acid (3%)
SEM analysis was conducted to determine the changes in zeolite surface topology due to acid

Summary

Introduction

Liquid smoke as a result of pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass has driven research attention because of its constituents’ potential as a substitute for fossil fuel, flavorings, colorings, antiseptics, and antioxidants and other value-added chemicals. Hasanah et al [1] reported liquid smoke obtained from coconut shells consists of phenol (16.4%), hydrocarbon (12.4%), phenolic (27.6%), and oxygenate compounds (53.6%), and acetic acid (3%). Hadanu et al [2] identified volatile compounds of coconut shell liquid smoke based on the percentage composition of each functional group as follows: phenol (90.75%), carbonyl (3.71%), alcohol (1.81%), and benzene (3.73%). The presence of reactive oxygenates and heavy molecular compounds leads to the instability of liquid smoke.

Objectives

Methods

Findings

Discussion

Conclusion