The spread of bee diseases in the Udmurt Republic depending on territorial characteristics and climatic conditions

Abstract

In the Udmurt Republic, the climate has undergone significant changes from 2015 to present day. In 2020, 4,094 apiaries were registered on the territory of the Udmurt Republic. The certification rate of apiaries remains low and averages 16.3%. The most common bee diseases, which often cause chronic distress, are varroosis, nosematosis, and acarapidosis. The number of samples for the study over 10 years has decreased by 4.9 times, which worsens the quality of diagnosis and monitoring of infections in bees. In this regard, in reality, the percentage of damage to bees by pathogens causing invasive and infectious diseases is much higher. During the last decade, bee acarapidosis and ascospherosis have been observed mainly in the northern and southern regions of the Udmurt Republic and represent a chronic problem. The maximum rise in morbidity is observed during periods with a low of honey gathering or during droughts or rainy seasons when bees visit neighboring hives. Nosematosis and varroosis are found throughout the territory of the Udmurt Republic, with the maximum increase in the extensiveness of infestation from 2012 to 2018. During this period, the weather conditions were distinguished by the most unstable deviations, both in temperature and humidity parameters in the summer and winter/spring periods.