Abstract
BackgroundA lack of physical activity and overconsumption of energy dense food is associated with overweight and obesity. The neighbourhood environment may stimulate or hinder the development and/or maintenance of a healthy lifestyle. To improve research on the obesogenicity of neighbourhood environments, reliable, valid and convenient assessment methods of potential obesogenic characteristics of neighbourhood environments are needed. This study examines the reliability and validity of the SPOTLIGHT-Virtual Audit Tool (S-VAT), which uses remote sensing techniques (Street View feature in Google Earth) for desk-based assessment of environmental obesogenicity.MethodsA total of 128 street segments in four Dutch urban neighbourhoods – heterogeneous in socio-economic status and residential density – were assessed using the S-VAT. Environmental characteristics were categorised as walking related items, cycling related items, public transport, aesthetics, land use-mix, grocery stores, food outlets and physical activity facilities. To assess concordance of inter- and intra-observer reliability of the Street View feature in Google Earth, and validity scores with real life audits, percentage agreement and Cohen's Kappa (k) were calculated.ResultsIntra-observer reliability was high and ranged from 91.7% agreement (k = 0.654) to 100% agreement (k = 1.000) with an overall agreement of 96.4% (k = 0.848). Inter-observer reliability results ranged from substantial agreement 78.6% (k = 0.440) to high agreement, 99.2% (k = 0.579), with an overall agreement of 91.5% (k = 0.595). Criterion validity was substantial to high for most of the categories ranging from 87.3% agreement (k = 0.539) to 99.9% agreement (k = 0.887) with an overall score of 95.6% agreement (k = 0.747).ConclusionThese study results suggest that the S-VAT is a highly reliable and valid remote sensing tool to assess potential obesogenic environmental characteristics.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-072X-13-52) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
A lack of physical activity and overconsumption of energy dense food is associated with overweight and obesity
We developed the SPOTLIGHT-Virtual Audit Tool (S-VAT) as part of the larger EU-funded SPOTLIGHT project [10] to assess the obesogenicity of neighbourhoods
This study focused on validating the SPOTLIGHT-VAT, a virtual audit tool which was developed to map environmental characteristics related to physical activity and dietary behaviour
Summary
A lack of physical activity and overconsumption of energy dense food is associated with overweight and obesity. Studies on fast food density and obesity use comparable measures but do not provide consistent results, while the operationalization of ‘landuse mix’ is more complex and provide relatively consistent evidence for an association with obesity [3]. This strengthens the belief that part of the inconsistent results may be due to inconsistent measurement and operationalization, and indicates the need for reliable and valid measures to assess obesogenic characteristics of neighbourhood environments. There is a growing interest in enhanced ways to assess these kinds of environmental characteristics [2,4,5,12]
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