The Spider Phobia Card Sorting Test: An investigation of phobic fear and executive functioning

Abstract

Recent studies indicate that anxious participants show cognitive biases favouring threat‐related stimuli. However, most of this evidence comes from Stroop tasks, which are believed to tap a narrow range of executive skills. The current study investigated phobic fear and cognitive biases using tasks designed to tap a wider range of executive processes: the standard Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Heaton, 1981), a modified version that included emotionally salient pictorial stimuli; the Spider Phobia Card Sorting Test (SPCST); and an emotionally valenced version of a verbal fluency task (VF). A total of 80 female participants (38 lower and 42 higher scorers on the Spider Phobia Questionnaire; SPQ) drawn from a larger sample of 126 completed either the standard WCST or the SPCST, the VF, and several mood measures. On the card sort, the higher SPQ SPCST group showed a significantly lower proportion of conceptual level responses, required a greater number of trials to complete the first category, and sorted significantly fewer stimulus cards to the spider target card than the lower SPQ SPCST group, or than either of the groups in the WCST condition who sorted to neutral target cards. On the VF, the higher SPQ group generated significantly more exemplars to the category “spiders” than the lower SPQ group. Therefore, fearful participants seemed to avoid or neglect the spider cue on the card sort, but performed better in generating “spiders” exemplars on the VF, as compared to the nonfearful group. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.