The spectrum and prognosis of Sjögren's syndrome with membranous nephropathy

Abstract

Abstract Background This study aims to investigate the spectrum and prognosis of membranous nephropathy (MN) in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Methods SS patients with biopsy-proven kidney involvement who were diagnosed at our center between April 2007 and February 2024 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results A total of 290 SS patients with kidney involvement were enrolled. The frequency of MN increased from 16.28% during the 2007–2010 period to 44.05% during the 2021–2024 period. After 2016, MN became the most common renal pathologic type, surpassing tubulointerstitial nephritis. PLA2R antibody or antigen was detected in 74 SS-MN patients, in whom 37 (50%) showed a negative result. Within the PLA2R-negative group, 5 out of 15 showed positivity for EXT1/EXT2 antigen and 1 out of 8 for THSD7A antigen. Sixty-one SS patients with MN were followed up for more than 6 months, and 44 (72.13%) of them achieved renal complete remission (CR). Compared with PLA2R-negative patients, PLA2R-positive patients spent a longer time to achieve CR [1.46 ± 1.16 vs. 0.74 ± 0.47 years, P = 0.015] and had a higher rate of progression to the renal endpoint (8/32 vs. 1/29, P = 0.028). After adjusting for age, proteinuria and eGFR, Cox regression analysis showed that PLA2R positivity remained a risk factor for CR (HR = 0.511, 95% CI [0.262 to 0.998], P = 0.049). Conclusions MN has become the predominant renal pathologic type in SS. PLA2R-positivity testing followed by EXT1/EXT2 and THSD7A testing is recommended for SS-MN patients. Although most patients can achieve renal CR, the prognosis is usually poor in PLA2R-positive SS-MN patients.