The spectral evolution of post-asymptotic giant branch stars

Abstract

A parameter study of the spectral evolution of a typical post-AGB star, with particular emphasis on the evolution of the infrared colours, is presented. The models are based on the latest evolutionary tracks for hydrogen burning post-AGB stars. For such tracks the evolutionary rate is very dependent on the assumed mass loss rate as a function of time. We investigate this effect by modifying the mass loss prescription. The newly calculated evolutionary rates and density distributions are used to model the spectral evolution of a post-AGB star with the photo-ionization code Cloudy, including dust in the radiative transfer. Different assumptions for the dust properties and dust formation are considered. It is shown that by varying these parameters in a reasonable way, entirely different paths are followed in the IRAS colour-colour diagram. First of all, the effects of the evolution of the central star on the expanding dust shell can not be neglected. Also the dust properties and the definition of the end of the AGB phase have an important effect. The model tracks show that objects occupying the same location in the IRAS colour-colour diagram can have a different evolutionary past, and therefore the position in the IRAS colour-colour diagram alone can not a priori give a unique determination of the evolutionary status of an object. An alternative colour-colour diagram, the K-[12] vs. [12]-[25] diagram, is presented. The tracks in this diagram seem less affected by particulars of the grain emission. This diagram may be a valuable additional tool for studying post-AGB evolution.