Abstract
This chapter considers the spectra of atoms in which there may be more than one electron with orbital angular momentum. It begins with a discussion on the coupling of orbital angular momentum before turning to Russell–Saunders coupling and jj-coupling. Next, the chapter considers the Zeeman and Stark effects. The Zeeman effect describes what normally happens in a magnetic field, and the Stark effect is concerned with an external electric field. From there, the chapter studies the laser magnetic resonance (LMR), a modern spectroscopic technique which makes use of the Zeeman effect. The hyperfine structure, atomic clock, and transition metals are also elaborated on. Lastly, the chapter considers the photoelectron spectroscopy of atoms and Rydberg states and autoionization.
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