Abstract
Landslide disasters have occurred frequently in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) due to increased agricultural irrigation. To explore the spatiotemporal relationship between landslides and mechanisms at the Heifangtai terrace, the HFT irrigated area was selected as a typical case study to investigate the fundamental mechanism of the irrigation-induced landslide in the CLP. Multi-temporal remote sensing images, topographic maps, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry data were used to investigate the evolution progress of landslides. Moreover, the evolution mechanism was discussed through topographic analysis, field monitoring, and laboratory testing. The results showed that erosion, collapse, and sliding had occurred at different scales and at different locations in the past 50 years. With an average retrogressive speed of 9.6 × 103 m2 per year, the tableland decreased by 4.9 × 105 m2 from 1967 to 2018, accounting for about 4.5% of its total area. Over 20 landslides and collapses were extracted in the Dangchuan section in the past four years. More than 5.48 × 105 m3 of loess slipped with an average volume of 381 m3 per day. The evolutionary process of the irrigation-induced landslide, which features retrogression, lateral extension, and clustering, began with local failure and ended in a series of slidings. The increase of groundwater level was a slow process, which is the reason for the lagged occurrence of the landslide. The influence of rainfall and irrigation on slope stability was greater than that of the periodic change of the groundwater level. The triggering effect of irrigation and rainfall on the landslide had a time lag due to slow loess infiltration, and the time response among irrigation, rainfall, and groundwater level was 4–6 months. Our findings provide guidance, concerning the planning and controlling of landslide disasters, which is of critical value for human and construction safety.
Highlights
Loess, an Aeolian, non-stratified deposit, is widely distributed around the world, but concentrated in the well-known Chinese Loess Plateau, with an arid to semi-arid climate.The behavior of loesses, especially those with high water sensitivities and structures, is intimately related to frequent loess landslides [1]
What is worse is the high-density landslide-developing zone of landslides, about 10 km along the edge of the loess tableland, where subsequent landslides often follow previous landslides [5,6,7,8,9]. Such landslide-on-landslide effects are widespread in loess areas and often pose a serious threat to large-scale casualties and property losses
With the rapid development of urbanization and the economy in the Loess Plateau, human activities will contribute to more cases of the landslide-prone landscape, which leads to successive landslides
Summary
An Aeolian, non-stratified deposit, is widely distributed around the world, but concentrated in the well-known Chinese Loess Plateau, with an arid to semi-arid climate.The behavior of loesses, especially those with high water sensitivities and structures, is intimately related to frequent loess landslides [1]. In response to irrigation activities, about 200 landslides and 40 casualties have occurred in the Heifangtai (HFT) area since the 1970s [2,3,4]. What is worse is the high-density landslide-developing zone of landslides, about 10 km along the edge of the loess tableland, where subsequent landslides often follow previous landslides [5,6,7,8,9]. Such landslide-on-landslide effects are widespread in loess areas and often pose a serious threat to large-scale casualties and property losses. With the rapid development of urbanization and the economy in the Loess Plateau, human activities will contribute to more cases of the landslide-prone landscape, which leads to successive landslides
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