The spatial distribution of soil hyphae in structured spruce-forest soils

Abstract

The external mycelium forms the major part of the absorbing surface of mycorrhized tree roots. Because the macro pore space of acid forest soils is selectively depleted of mobile nutrient cations, it is ecologically important, whether soil hyphae grow into the soil aggregates or not. Seedlings of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) with defined mycorrhiza were grown in unsterilized soil cores taken from the A and B-horizon of a limed and an unlimed cambisol on triassic sandstone in the Northern Black Forest, Germany. Water-tension treatments were 10, 30, 160 and 900 hPa. On ground and polished vertical cuts stained with acridine orange, we identified and measured the location of hyphae and characterized their micropedological environment using an image analyzing system. Mean length density varied between 17 m/cm3 and 100 m/cm3 and was independent of aeration parameters. The percentage of hyphae completely embedded in the soil matrix varied between 30% and 8% and decreased significantly with increasing CO2 concentration in the soil air. Of the hyphae in the soil matrix, 70% were located in a 50 μm shell around the macro pores. Pair correlation functions show, that the majority of soil hyphae occur in clusters with diameters below 100 μm. Between 60% and 80% of randomly chosen circles with 250 μm diameters were completely devoid of hyphae. The inefficient opening up of the intra-aggregate space by soil hyphae is explained by the very slow oxygen diffusion between air-filled macro pores and the intra-aggregate space and mechanical restrictions for hyphae growth.