The Southern Oscillation. Part VII: Meteorological Anomalies over the Indian and Pacific Sectors Associated with the Extremes of the Oscillation

Abstract

Abstract Composite surface pressure, temperature, and precipitation anomalies are mapped over the Indian and Pacific sectors during the various stages of Warm and Cold Events in the Southern Oscillation. In the year before the development of positive sea surface temperature anomalies in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific (Year–1 of a Warm Event), a strong South Pacific High is associated with below normal surface pressure over Australia and the Indian Ocean. This occurs concurrently with a poleward displacement of the Pacific convergence zones, with above normal air temperature and precipitation over the subtropical Pacific, and opposite conditions along the equator. By the next year (Year 0) of the Warm Event, thew anomalies have the opposite sign. The sequence of anomalies during a Cold Event is inverse to that during a Warm Event but otherwise the anomaly patterns are remarkably similar. It appears that enhanced convection and low surface pressure within the Pacific convergence zones contribute...