Abstract
A summary of the 11 species of Arthrostylidium occurring in South America is pre- sented, including descriptions and illustrations of four new species. Two montane species from Colombia and Ecuador, A. ecuadorense and A. youngianum, appear to be related to A. venezuelae and A. pubescens respectively, but differ in details of culm leaf, foliage leaf, inflorescence, and spikelet morphology. Two new taxa from lowland Amazonian Brazil are somewhat atypical of the genus but appear to be best referred to it for now: A. fimbrinodum, with an unusual branching pattern, fimbriate culm nodes, short, few-flowered inflorescences, and small spikelets; and A. grandifolium, with stout, nearly solid culms, very large foliage leaves with elongate inner ligules, and numerous, elongate inflorescences.
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