Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) is widely used in animal models of many diseases, it helps to understand the pathogenic mechanism of related diseases. Several dietary fats were commonly used in HFD, such as corn oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, and lard. However, it was reported that different dietary fat could have completely different effects on physiological indicators and the gut microbiome, and the sources of dietary fat used in high-fat diet research have not been comprehensively compared. In this research, we conduct comparative experiments on various sources of dietary fats to test their different effects during the high-fat diet intervention. We investigated the effects of twelve common dietary fats in high-fat diet intervention of mice, body/liver weight changes, four blood lipid indices, and gut microbiome were analyzed. Our results showed that the source of dietary fat used in high-fat diet significantly affects the changes of body/liver weight and triglyceride (TRIG) in the blood. Furthermore, the intervention of canola oil increased the alpha diversity of gut microbiota, and lard has decreased diversity compared with the control group. The composition of saturated fatty acid (SFA) in fat has the most significant effects on the gut microbiome. All dietary fats treatments have an increasing Firmicutes abundance and a reduced Bacteroidetes abundance in gut microbiome, while the canola oil has a slight variation compared to other intervention groups, and the lard group has the largest changes. This study showed that different types of dietary fat have different effects on the body indicators and intestinal microbiota of mice, and canola oil produced less disturbance than other types of dietary fats in high-fat diet.
Highlights
High-fat diet (HFD) is widely used in animal models of many diseases, it helps to understand the pathogenic mechanism of related diseases
The fats previously used in the HFD researches include soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, palm oil, lard, etc., and it was widely reported that the gut microbiome is a critical mediator between various diseases and H FD6,10,11
It was reported that lard activates WAT inflammation and reduces insulin sensitivity through the TLR signalling pathway[18]. Most of these studies mainly focus on comparative studies of a few types of dietary fat, such as lard, olive oil, fish oil, palm oil, etc., while other fat types, including canola oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil etc., which are widely used in HFD or cooking, are few comparative studied, and the differences between these oils in HFD are unclear
Summary
High-fat diet (HFD) is widely used in animal models of many diseases, it helps to understand the pathogenic mechanism of related diseases. A higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in fish oil and olive oil is relatively h ealthy[17–19] It indicated that different dietary fats have an unequal contribution to weight gain and gut microbiome changes. It was reported that lard activates WAT inflammation and reduces insulin sensitivity through the TLR signalling pathway[18] Most of these studies mainly focus on comparative studies of a few types of dietary fat, such as lard, olive oil, fish oil, palm oil, etc., while other fat types, including canola oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil etc., which are widely used in HFD or cooking, are few comparative studied, and the differences between these oils in HFD are unclear
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