Abstract
Abstract A pyrometallurgical process for the recovery of lead from battery residue was investigated. The process involved pelletizing the residue with sodium carbonate follwed by a carbothermic smelting operation. The overall in the process is as follows: PbSO4(s) + Na2CO3(s) + C(s) = Pb(1) + CO(g) + CO2(g) + Na2 SO4 The sulphur dioxide emissions are minimal since the sulphur is fixed in the slag as sodium sulphate. Lead emissions are considerably reduced due to the use of pellets and a lower smelting temperature. The optimum conditions for the maximum recovery of lead were determined. These were: a smelting temperature of 1223 K, a charcoal addition of 3 mass% and a sodium carbonate addition of 20 mass percent. A moisture addition of 10 mass% during pelletizing was found to be sufficient to complete the sulphate-carbonate exchange reaction and to produce a strong green pellet. Sintering of the green pellets prior to reduction was found to have no effect on the lead recovery. However, a minimum in the strength and abrasion resistance of the pellets occurred at 773K. Lead recoveries of 96–98% were achieved and the lead content of the slag was in the range of 1–2 mass%.
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